{"id":13930,"date":"2019-11-26T00:49:27","date_gmt":"2019-11-26T08:49:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=13930"},"modified":"2021-02-05T18:24:38","modified_gmt":"2021-02-06T02:24:38","slug":"the-arrow-impossibility-theorem-eric-maskin-and-amartya-sen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2019\/11\/26\/the-arrow-impossibility-theorem-eric-maskin-and-amartya-sen\/","title":{"rendered":"The Arrow Impossibility Theorem – Eric Maskin and Amartya Sen"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u7acb\u5834\u65b0\u805e<\/a><\/p>\n

\u62d6\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u898b\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u5efa\u5236\u6158\u6557\uff0c\u9b06\u4e86\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e00\u4e0b\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406 (Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem) \u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6096\u8ad6 (Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem \u53c8\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba “Arrow’s Paradox”) \u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u5f9e\u53cd\u9001\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u64da\u6211\u5728\u7db2\u7d61\u5e73\u53f0\u7f75\u6230\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6e2f\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ad6\u85cd\u7d72\u6216\u9ec3\u7d72\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u8cea\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u4f3c\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u6d17\u8166\u7684\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff08\u6709\u6e2f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6d77\u5916\u83ef\u6a4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4ee5\u5927\u9678\u4eba\u5c45\u591a\uff09\uff0c\u6703\u8aaa\u9999\u6e2f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e82\u5c40\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5370\u8b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6975\u6b0a\u5c08\u653f\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u52dd\u4e91\u4e91\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4eca\u5929\u4e82\u5c40\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9999\u6e2f\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\u883b\u4e0d\u8b1b\u7406\u601d\u8def\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u7d14\u8403\u7d61\u7db2\u66f1\u7534\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7406\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u5076\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u507d\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff0c\u7adf\u81bd\u6562\u632a\u7528\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e16\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5077\u63db\u6168\u5ff5\uff0c\u8aaa\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u5305\u55ae\u4efb\u4f55\u6253\u8457\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u65d7\u865f\u53cd\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u539f\u8457\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ecd\u4eba\u683c\u8aa0\u4fe1\u7834\u7522\u7684\u9a19\u5f92\u3002\uff08\u63d0\u5916\u8a71\uff0c\u82e5\u679c\u898b\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u7528\u300c\u7532>\u4e59>\u4e19>\u7532\u300d\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u53bb\u8b1b\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u4eba\u80af\u5b9a\u7121\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u517c\u56b4\u91cd\u8aa4\u89e3\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u3002\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u90a3\u500b\u662fCondorcet\u6096\u8ad6\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u8986\u84cb\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u66f4\u5ee3\u7b35\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u9019\u672c\u300aThe Arrow Impossiblity Theorem\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u4e86\u5169\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6Eric Maskin\u548cAmartya Sen\u65bc\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u5beb\u5f15\u8a00(opneing remarks)\u7684Joseph Stiglitz\u548c\u5beb\u8a55\u8ff0\u53ca\u611f\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2Kenneth Arrow\uff08\u963f\u7f85\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u4e5f\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u56db\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u5de8\u661f\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u661f\u5149\u71a0\u71a0\u3002Sen\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u90e8\u4efd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u592a\u96e3\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u63a8\u8ad6\u3002Maskin\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u5247\u8ad6\u8b49majority rules\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u963f\u7f85\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8584\u8584\u4e00\u672c\u767e\u4e94\u9801\u7684\u5c0f\u66f8\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\u5730\u628a\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8aaa\u4e86\u9019\u9ebc\u4e45\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u5462\uff1fArrow\u539f\u672c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u53f8\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u7528\u6578\u5b78\u53bb\u8ad6\u8b49\u80a1\u6771\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u7968\u4f5c\u51fa\u5546\u696d\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u540c\u6a23\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u3002Arrow\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u70ba\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u800c\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7a2e\u7968\uff0cDQ\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u5047\u5730\u5740\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u86c7\u9f4b\u9905\u7ced\u8cb7\u7968\u7b49\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6392\u5217\u9078\u9805\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u773e\u9078\u9805\u4e2d\u6311\u9078\u51fa\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff1b\u800c\u4f55\u8b02\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6295\u7968\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5fc5\u9700\u5408\u4e4e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u500b\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u6295\u7968\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236 Unrestricted Domain (U)<\/strong>
    \n\u5728\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u4e26\u975e\u5e38\u898b\u53ea\u80fd\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u9078\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u6309\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u6392\u540d\u3002(U)\u662f\u6307\u9078\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u6642\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u5f97\u51fa\u4f86\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6392\u540d\u4ea6\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u7e3d\u7d50\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\uff09\u660e\u78ba\u662f\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u9078\u6c11\u9078\u7968\u4e2d\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\uff08\u5982\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\uff09\uff0c\u537b\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u8fd4(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5b9a\u7406\u4e2d\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba”social welfare function”\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u689d\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u7684\u6295\u7968\u8f38\u5165\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u6392\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6307\u51fa\u5fc5\u9700\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u689d\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u8a00\u516c\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6709\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u4e4e\u5408(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u537b\u662f\u9055\u53cd(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5317\u97d3\u9810\u77e5\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u529f\u80fd\u7d44\u5225\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u7121\u95dc\u9078\u9805\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u7d50\u679c Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (I)<\/strong>
    \n\u4efb\u4f55\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u9078\u8209\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u70ba\u51fa\u73fe\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u9078\u9805\u300c\u4e19\u300d\uff0c\u8b93\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8b8a\u6210\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u4e00\u5340\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u6216\u300c\u672c\u571f\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u8f38\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u7576\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u4e09\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u300c\u672c\u571f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u300d\u4e92\u76f8\u5206\u8584\u7968\u6e90\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u57f7\u6b7b\u96de\u52dd\u51fa\uff0c\u4fd7\u7a31\u300c\u9385\u7968\u300d \u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u7684\u55ae\u8b70\u5e2d\u55ae\u7968\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u9055\u53cd\u4e86(I)\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8981\u5982\u5be6\u53cd\u6620\u6c11\u610f Pareto Principle (P)<\/strong>
    \n\u82e5\u679c\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u90fd\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d14\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u9078\u6c11\u4eba\u6578\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u5c0d\u300c\u7532\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u3002\u8981\u5f97\u8a18\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8d0f\u5bb6\uff0c\u9078\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u662f\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u9078\u7968\u4e2d\u6709\u300c\u7532\u4e59\u4e19\u4e01\u300d\u56db\u500b\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6709\u5047\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff08\u5982\u300c\u4e19>\u7532>\u4e01>\u4e59\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e01>\u4e19>\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5982\u679c\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u53cd\u4e86(P)\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de6\u53f3\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c Nondictatorship (D)<\/strong>
    \n\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\u7684”dictatorship”\u4e0d\u55ae\u662f\u6307\u5b57\u9762\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u7368\u88c1\u8005\uff08\u5982\u7fd2\u5e1d\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u67d0\u4e9b\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee4\u67d0\u4eba\u624b\u63e1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u7968\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de6\u53f3\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5176\u4ed6\u9078\u6c11\u5982\u4f55\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u539f\u7248\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\u300c\u7368\u88c1\u8005\u300d\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u56b4\u683c\u4e0a\u7368\u88c1\u96c6\u5718\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7279\u9996\u9078\u59d4\u6703\u5c0f\u5708\u5b50\u9078\u8209\uff09\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd(D)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u8005\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u8005\u5c31\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u88dc\u5b8c(D)\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u6bcf\u500b\u539f\u5247\u7368\u7acb\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u9078\u8209\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u4f46Arrow\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u56db\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u4e26\u5b58\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7bc7\u5e45\u6240\u9650\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u5728\u6b64\u8907\u8ff0\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u7684\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\uff0c\u7c21\u4f86\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f(U)(I)(P)\u4e26\u5b58\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6703\u7522\u751f(D)\u3002<\/p>\n

    Maskin\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u5247\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d(U)\u4e26\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u6c11\u7684\u6295\u7968\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u6309\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8b5c\u4f5c\u51fa\u6392\u540d\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u8003\u616e\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6536\u7a84(U)\u539f\u5247\u4ee5\u5bb9\u8a31\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u6392\u540d\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8b5c\u5f9e\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\u7de8\u6392\uff0c\u9810\u8a2d\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u4e0d\u6309\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u80e1\u4e82\u6392\u540d(\u7a31\u9019\u6536\u7a84\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u300c\uff08U’\uff09\u300d)\u3002\u5982\u9ec3\u7d72\u6703\u6392\u300c\u672c\u571f>\u6cdb\u6c11>\u5efa\u5236\u5546\u754c>\u5efa\u5236\u571f\u5171\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11>\u672c\u571f>\u5efa\u5236\u5546\u754c>\u5efa\u5236\u571f\u5171\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u7d55\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11>\u5efa\u5236\u571f\u5171>\u672c\u571f>\u5efa\u5236\u5546\u754c\u300d\u7684\u6392\u4f8b\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u85cd\u7d72\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u571f\u5171>\u6cdb\u6c11>\u672c\u571f>\u5efa\u5236\u5546\u754c\u300d\u7684\u6392\u540d\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u5c31\u5316\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u5920\u540c\u6642\u4e4e\u5408(U’)(I)(P)(D)\u56db\u9805\u516c\u5e73\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e0b\u6b21\u7576\u4f60\u807d\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u5f15\u7528\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u53bb\u653b\u64ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u88ab\u4ed6\u507d\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u5305\u88dd\u5687\u5230\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5927\u8072\u53eb\u4ed6\u6536\u76ae\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53eb\u4ed6\u56de\u5bb6\u597d\u597d\u8b80\u66f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u51fa\u4f86\u4e82\u5420\u737b\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u6587\u7ae0\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u7acb\u5834\u65b0\u805e \u62d6\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u898b\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u5efa\u5236\u6158\u6557\uff0c\u9b06\u4e86\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e00\u4e0b\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406 (Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem) \u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6096\u8ad6 (Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem \u53c8\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba “Arrow’s Paradox”) \u3002 \u81ea\u5f9e\u53cd\u9001\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u64da\u6211\u5728\u7db2\u7d61\u5e73\u53f0\u7f75\u6230\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6e2f\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ad6\u85cd\u7d72\u6216\u9ec3\u7d72\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u8cea\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u4f3c\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u6d17\u8166\u7684\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff08\u6709\u6e2f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6d77\u5916\u83ef\u6a4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4ee5\u5927\u9678\u4eba\u5c45\u591a\uff09\uff0c\u6703\u8aaa\u9999\u6e2f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e82\u5c40\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5370\u8b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6975\u6b0a\u5c08\u653f\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u52dd\u4e91\u4e91\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4eca\u5929\u4e82\u5c40\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9999\u6e2f\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\u883b\u4e0d\u8b1b\u7406\u601d\u8def\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u7d14\u8403\u7d61\u7db2\u66f1\u7534\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7406\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u5076\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u507d\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff0c\u7adf\u81bd\u6562\u632a\u7528\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e16\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5077\u63db\u6168\u5ff5\uff0c\u8aaa\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u5305\u55ae\u4efb\u4f55\u6253\u8457\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u65d7\u865f\u53cd\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u539f\u8457\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ecd\u4eba\u683c\u8aa0\u4fe1\u7834\u7522\u7684\u9a19\u5f92\u3002\uff08\u63d0\u5916\u8a71\uff0c\u82e5\u679c\u898b\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u7528\u300c\u7532>\u4e59>\u4e19>\u7532\u300d\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u53bb\u8b1b\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u4eba\u80af\u5b9a\u7121\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u517c\u56b4\u91cd\u8aa4\u89e3\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u3002\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u90a3\u500b\u662fCondorcet\u6096\u8ad6\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u8986\u84cb\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u66f4\u5ee3\u7b35\u3002\uff09 \u9019\u672c\u300aThe Arrow Impossiblity Theorem\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u4e86\u5169\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6Eric Maskin\u548cAmartya Sen\u65bc\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u5beb\u5f15\u8a00(opneing remarks)\u7684Joseph Stiglitz\u548c\u5beb\u8a55\u8ff0\u53ca\u611f\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2Kenneth Arrow\uff08\u963f\u7f85\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u4e5f\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u56db\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u5de8\u661f\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u661f\u5149\u71a0\u71a0\u3002Sen\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u90e8\u4efd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u592a\u96e3\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u63a8\u8ad6\u3002Maskin\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u5247\u8ad6\u8b49majority rules\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u963f\u7f85\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8584\u8584\u4e00\u672c\u767e\u4e94\u9801\u7684\u5c0f\u66f8\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\u5730\u628a\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\u6e05\u695a\u3002 \u8aaa\u4e86\u9019\u9ebc\u4e45\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u5462\uff1fArrow\u539f\u672c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u53f8\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u7528\u6578\u5b78\u53bb\u8ad6\u8b49\u80a1\u6771\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u7968\u4f5c\u51fa\u5546\u696d\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u540c\u6a23\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u3002Arrow\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u70ba\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u800c\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7a2e\u7968\uff0cDQ\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u5047\u5730\u5740\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u86c7\u9f4b\u9905\u7ced\u8cb7\u7968\u7b49\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6392\u5217\u9078\u9805\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u773e\u9078\u9805\u4e2d\u6311\u9078\u51fa\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff1b\u800c\u4f55\u8b02\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6295\u7968\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5fc5\u9700\u5408\u4e4e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u500b\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u6295\u7968\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236 Unrestricted Domain (U) 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"\u96fb\u5f71"","block_context":{"text":"\u96fb\u5f71","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_movies\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/02\/man_of_the_year.jpg?fit=510%2C755&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2051,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2008\/10\/04\/swing-vote-%e9%97%9c%e9%8d%b5%e6%8a%95%e7%a5%a8\/","url_meta":{"origin":13930,"position":3},"title":"Swing Vote \u95dc\u9375\u6295\u7968","author":"hevangel","date":"October 4, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"\u4eca\u5e74\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u9078\u8209\ufe50\u300a\u95dc\u9375\u6295\u7968\u300b\u9019\u5957\u96fb\u5f71\u53ef\u8aaa\u5341\u5206\u61c9\u666f\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u9078\u8209\u5236\u5ea6\u7169\u8907\ufe50\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7968\u7576\u9078\ufe50\u800c\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u6309\u5dde\u5206\u914d\u7684\u9078\u8209\u4eba\u7968\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6975\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\ufe50\u4f46 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