{"id":14102,"date":"2021-03-14T22:53:57","date_gmt":"2021-03-15T06:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=14102"},"modified":"2021-03-14T22:53:57","modified_gmt":"2021-03-15T06:53:57","slug":"%e7%8d%a8%e8%a3%81%e8%80%85%e6%89%8b%e5%86%8a-the-dictators-handbook-de-mesquita-bueno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2021\/03\/14\/%e7%8d%a8%e8%a3%81%e8%80%85%e6%89%8b%e5%86%8a-the-dictators-handbook-de-mesquita-bueno\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7368\u88c1\u8005\u624b\u518a The Dictator&#8217;s Handbook &#8211; de Mesquita Bueno"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/9200000002084757.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14103\" 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Reference: Perference and Politics - Cass Sunstein The Market and the Forum - Jon Elster","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1438,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2007\/09\/22\/the-road-to-serfdom-%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e5%88%b0%e8%b7%af%e5%bd%b9%e4%b9%8b%e8%b7%af-freidrich-a-hayek\/","url_meta":{"origin":14102,"position":2},"title":"The Road to Serfdom \u81ea\u7531\u5230\u8def\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def &#8211; Freidrich A. Hayek","author":"hevangel","date":"September 22, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"\u64da\u8aaa\u5728\u860b\u679c\u65e5\u5831\u5831\u793e\u7684\u5927\u5802\u6709\u4e09\u5c0a\u9285\u50cf\ufe50\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u9999\u6e2f\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u8cf4\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\ufe50\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8ca1\u653f\u53f8\u90ed\u4f2f\u5049(John J. Cowperthwaite)\ufe50\u4efb\u5167\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u884c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7a4d\u6975\u4e0d\u5e72\u9810\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u53bb\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u5e2b\u4f5b\u5229\u6c11(Milton Friedman),\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u8ad6\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9810\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4d\u5247\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6d77\u8036\u514b(Freidich A. 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2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u6216\u8005\u7528\u516c\u5e73\u70ba\u540d\u53bb\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9(Capitalsim)\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u96d6\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\ufe50\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u63a8\u8ad6\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u6700\u591a\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6700\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u4fbf\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u8150\u5316\ufe50Fedrick Hayek\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u5230\u52de\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u4e2d\ufe50\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u767c\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\ufe50\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5920\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7e7c\u7e8c\u652f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0d\u5c0d\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u82e5\u7528\u7a05\u6536\u53bb\u63a0\u596a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5f37\u8feb\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u5974\u96b8\ufe50\u6709\u9055\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002Robert Nozick\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe55 \u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6 (Entitlement Theory) \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u521d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u901a\u904e\u81ea\u9858\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u4ea4\u6613\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\ufe50\u5247\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u593e\u786c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6700\u521d\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0aNozick\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u5206\u914d\u904e\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7559\u610f\u4e00\u9ede\u662fNozick\u5c0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\ufe50\u8207Rawls\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Rawls\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u5747\u5206\ufe50Nozick\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u3002 \u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6 (Self-Ownership Argument) \u9996\u5148\u6211\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\ufe50\u4e0d\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\ufe50\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u64c1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u64c1\u6709\u7528\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u82e5\u653f\u5e9c\u5f37\u5236\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6211\u5c31\u8981\u4ea4\u51fa\u6211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53bb\u7d66\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\ufe50\u90a3\u6a23\u6211\u5c31\u6dea\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u8ca1\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u800c\u628a\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u4e4e\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u5f37\u5236\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u5ffd\u8996\u55ae\u55ae\u6750\u5e79\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u9084\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u500b\u9ad4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u5982\u571f\u5730\u6216\u751f\u7522\u516c\u5177\u7b49\u3002\u8981\u78ba\u7acb\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u5728\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u96a8\u8457\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u548c\u670d\u52d9\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u751f\u7522\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u7522\u696d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6e1b\u5c11\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002 David Gautheir\u5247\u5f9e\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u64da\u3002\u4ed6\u8207Rawls\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\ufe50\u662f\u4ed6\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u6750\u80fd\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6750\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\ufe50\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5951\u7d04\ufe50\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e5f\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u722d\u53d6\u6700\u5927\u76ca\u8655\u5916\ufe50\u9084\u8981\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\ufe50\u4e0d\u7136\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u7d19\u4e0a\u8ac7\u5175\u3002\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u884d\u751f\u8cc7\u6e90\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ea\u5c0d\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5be6\u884c\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u3002 \u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u516c\u7fa9\ufe50Gautheir\u56de\u61c9\u4ed6\u5011\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u516c\u7fa9\u6191\u7a7a\u8b8a\u51fa\u4f86\u7121\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\ufe50\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7b35\u570d\ufe50\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u63a2\u8a0e\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4f86\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5047\u5b9a\u516c\u7fa9\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\ufe50\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u5047\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u80fd\u9055\u53cd\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u8aaa\u8aaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8208\u8d77\ufe50\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672a\u958b\u59cb\u672a\u843d\u7684\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u8981\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\ufe50\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b93\u7aae\u4eba\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u624d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6307\u51fa\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u554f\u984c\ufe50\u990a\u61f6\u4eba\ufe50\u990a\u6210\u7aae\u4eba\u4f9d\u8cf4\u798f\u5229\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u65bd\u653f\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u798f\u5229\u653f\u7b56\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u56b4\u91cd\u5931\u8aa4\ufe50\u751a\u81f3\u8d8a\u5e6b\u8d8a\u5dee\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\u6578\u64da\u652f\u6301\ufe50\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u8996\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":13993,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2019\/12\/10\/social-choice-and-individual-values-2nd-ed-kenneth-j-arrow\/","url_meta":{"origin":14102,"position":4},"title":"Social Choice and Individual Values (2nd Ed.) &#8211; Kenneth J. Arrow","author":"hevangel","date":"December 10, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65e9\u524d\u4ecb\u7d39\u904e\u300a\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u59cb\u7d42\u65bc\u90a3\u662f\u4e8c\u624b\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80\u5165\u9580\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u627e\u4f86\u4e86\u963f\u7f85\u7684\u539f\u8457\u300aSocial Choice and Individual Values\u300b\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u539f\u8457\u6bd4\u5c0e\u8b80\u300aThe Arrow Impossibility Theorem\u300b\u9084\u8981\u8584\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u9801\uff0c\u8207\u8aaa\u5176\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u9577\u8ad6\u6587\u3002 \u539f\u8457\u5beb\u5f97\u6bd4\u5c0e\u8b80\u8271\u6df1\u96e3\u8b80\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u554f\u984c\u662f\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u56de\u61c9\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u5728\u53c3\u8003\u7d22\u5f15\u7f85\u5217\u51fa\u8655\uff0c\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u90a3\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u770b\u5f97\u4e00\u982d\u9727\u6c34\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u300a\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300b\u5728\u539f\u8457\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u70baThe General Possibility Theorem\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5f88\u67af\u71e5\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u908f\u8f2f\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u7528first principle\u53bb\u5b9a\u7fa9social welfare function\u975e\u5e38\u5b78\u8853\uff0c\u5c0d\u6578\u5b78\u548c\u908f\u8f2f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u4e00\u822c\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u770b\u5c0e\u8b80\u7c21\u55ae\u6613\u660e\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u5916\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u8a00\u548c\u7d50\u8a9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5beb\u4e0b\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8aa4\u6703\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4f5c\u8005\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u773e\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u6027\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u6b0a\u548c\u738b\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u8a00\u5802\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6aa2\u8996\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\u6709\u5426\u4f5c\u51fa\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u5206\u5225\u900f\u904e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236\u662f\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ab2\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u963f\u7f85\u7406\u8ad6\u7cbe\u8f9f\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653e\u5165\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5167\u6aa2\u8996\u3002 \u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u900f\u904e\u8a08\u7b97utilization\u53bb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u5247\u5c6c\u65bc\u53cd\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684utilization\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u6a19\u6e96\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u6c92\u6cd5\u8861\u91cf\u6bd4\u8f03\u6839\u672c\u7121\u5f9e\u8a08\u7b97maximization\u3002\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6309\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684indifference map\u53bb\u4f5c\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u512a\u6b21\u6392\u540d\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5047\u5b9a\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5b8c\u5168\u900f\u660e\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u8aa0\u5be6\u5730\u6309\u5fc3\u4e2d\u610f\u9858\u53bb\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u6027\u6295\u7968\u6216\u542b\u6dda\u6295\u7968\u8f38\u5c11\u7576\u8d0f\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6392\u540d\u66f4\u52a0\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u4e00\u8b70\u984c\u55ae\u4e00\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u904e\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u7406\u8ad6\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u591a\u65bc\u5be6\u969b\u6295\u7968\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u8209\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u662f\u6309\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u54c1\u5473\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u53bb\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u7528\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u4eba\u8207\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u4ea4\u63db\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7159\u6c11\u5206\u591a\u4e9b\u7159\uff0c\u9152\u5f92\u5206\u591a\u4e9b\u9152\u7b49\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u516c\u5e73\u6168\u5ff5\u7684\u5169\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u7981\u617e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9f13\u5439\u7981\u7159\u7981\u9152\uff0c\u90a3\u82e5\u679c\u6700\u7d42\u653f\u7b56\u5171\u8b58\u662f\u7981\u7159\u7981\u9152\uff0c\u90a3\u9152\u5f92\u7159\u6c11\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u591a\u4e9b\u9eb5\u5305\uff0c\u53bb\u88dc\u511f\u4ed6\u5011\u5931\u53bb\u7159\u9152\u7684\u640d\u5931\u5462\uff1f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u9078\u6c11\u54c1\u5473\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u900f\u904e\u516c\u958b\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u793e\u6703\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u5462\uff1f\u9664\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u53c8\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u5fd7\u5462\uff1f\u6295\u7968\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5c0b\u627e\u5171\u8b58\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6295\u7968\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\u5462\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6bd4\u4ed6\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u9084\u591a\u3002\u59cb\u7d42\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e0d\u662f\u8b1b\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u53ea\u662f\u4f34\u789f\u5c0f\u83dc\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u7bc7\u5e45\u80fd\u6df1\u5165\u8a0e\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002 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