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\u7345\u5b50\u5c71\u5b78\u6703\u51fa\u7248\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\u7684\u66f8\u85c9\ufe50\u52aa\u529b\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u666e\u53ca\u5316\ufe50\u6f5b\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u9999\u6e2f\u5e02\u6c11\ufe50\u5176\u5fd7\u53ef\u5609\u3002\u671f\u671b\u65e5\u5f8c\u6703\u51fa\u7248\u66f4\u591a\u540c\u985e\u85c9\u4f5c\ufe50\u4ecb\u7d39\u8207\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u9f4a\u540d\u7684\u4f5b\u5229\u6c11\ufe50\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b97\u5e2bJohn Stuart Mills\ufe50\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b0\u8cb4Robert Nozick\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u9084\u662f\u4f5b\u5229\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u4e5f\u662f\u5f9e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u5207\u5165\u9ede\ufe50\u93ae\u5b88\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u91cd\u93ae\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4eca\u6642\u4eca\u65e5\u6771\u6b50\u8b8a\u5929\u8607\u806f\u89e3\u9ad4\ufe50\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u540d\u5b58\u5be6\u4ea1\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u97ad\u5c4d\ufe50\u52dd\u4e4b\u4e0d\u6b66\u3002\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9(libertarian)\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5a01\u8105\ufe50\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u540c\u6a23\u81ea\u7a31\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9(liberalism)\u7684\u65b0\u5de6\u6d3e\u3002\u5169\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u65b0\u4e00\u820a\ufe50\u4f46\u4e2d\u6587\u8b6f\u540d\u5341\u5206\u6df7\u4e82\ufe50\u5230\u5e95\u90a3\u500b\u662f\u65b0\u90a3\u500b\u662f\u820a\ufe50\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u9084\u5206\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5de6\u6d3e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8208\u8d77\ufe50\u7531\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6John Rawls\u64d4\u7576\u65d7\u624b\u3002\u5de6\u6d3e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u5b78\u4e56\u4e86\ufe50\u80af\u5b9a\u79c1\u6709\u7522\u6b0a\u5236\u5ea6\ufe50\u4f46\u5f37\u8abf\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u8ca1\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u3002\u5de6\u6d3e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f88\u591a\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u5c08\u9580\u91dd\u5c0d\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f86\u6253\ufe50\u4e0d\u72a7\u7272\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e5f\u8981\u9ad8\u8209\u793e\u6703\u516c\u7fa9\u3002\u7345\u5b50\u5c71\u5b78\u6703\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u8b70\u6642\ufe50\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u9867\u8457\u97ad\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5c4d\ufe50\u4e5f\u8981\u63d0\u9632\u5de6\u6d3e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u72d9\u64ca\ufe50\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u722d\u53d6\u9999\u6e2f\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002 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\u662f\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\ufe50\u66f8\u4e2d\u8a73\u7d30\u63a8\u8ad6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u7d42\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u8b8a\u6210\u6975\u6b0a\u7d71\u6cbb\u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u51fa\u7248\u65bc\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u672a\u671f\ufe50\u7576\u6642\u51f1\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9(Keynes)\u7576\u9053\ufe50\u9f13\u5439\u7531\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u5de5\u6703\u52e2\u529b\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u540d\u62ac\u982d\ufe50\u9670\u5f71\u7c60\u7f69\u8457\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7d93\u6fdf\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u6700\u521d\u51fa\u7248\u6642\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u8072\u97f3\u751a\u81f3\u6253\u64ca\u6d77\u8036\u514b\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5371\u8a00\u8073\u807d\ufe50\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6b50\u8607\u806f\u5171\u7522\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u5931\u6557\ufe50\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u6f6e\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e00\u8e76\u4e0d\u632f\ufe50\u6b63\u597d\u53cd\u8b49\u4e86\u5230\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89ba\u3002\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u57281974\u5e74\u7372\u5f97\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u734e\ufe50\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u82f1\u7f8e\u5217\u6839\u548c\u6234\u5353\u723e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\ufe50\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u65b0\u62ac\u982d\ufe50\u7d93\u6fdf\u6025\u901f\u767c\u5c55\ufe50\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u53cd\u5c0d\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6703\u6162\u6162\u6d41\u5931\ufe50\u6700\u7d42\u6211\u5011\u6703\u6dea\u70ba\u5c08\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5974\u96b8\u3002 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\u66f8\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5167\u7684\u8ca7\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u300c\u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u589e\u9577\u4e866%\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u6210\u679c\u5206\u914d\u6975\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5747\u300d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u904e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4eba\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8ca2\u737b\u5462\uff1f\u82e5\u679c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4f9d\u7136\u505a\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4e0d\u8a08\u56e0\u901a\u6f32\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u85aa\u91d1\u8abf\u6574\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5be6\u8cea\u5de5\u8cc7\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u5462\uff1f\u66f4\u4e0d\u8981\u8aaa\u5728\u90a3\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4eba\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u597d\u4e9b\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u9818\u53d6\u798f\u5229\u904e\u6d3b\uff0c\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5168\u7121\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u9084\u597d\u610f\u601d\u539a\u8457\u9762\u76ae\u53bb\u5206\u4eab\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u4f5c\u8005\u53cd\u554f\u300c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5e36\u4f86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u7f8e\u9e97\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u5e02\u4e0d\u6551\u4eba\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u69cb\u7533\u8acb\u7834\u7522\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c64\u4eba\u54e1\u9084\u53ef\u7372\u5de8\u984d\u85aa\u91d1\u548c\u82b1\u7d05\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4f55\u6703\u8b93\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u5230\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u6b65\u300d\u3002\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ae0\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df2\u624d\u8aaa\u904e\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u5e02\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5f15\u81f4\u9053\u5fb7\u98a8\u96aa(moral hazard)\uff0c\u9019\u7b46\u7cca\u5857\u8cec\u600e\u6a23\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u7b97\u5230\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u982d\u4e0a\u4f86\u5427\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u793e\u6703\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5de6\u6d3e\u907a\u7559\u7684\u9918\u6bd2\u9084\u672a\u5fb9\u5e95\u6e05\u9664\u3002\u96f6\u516b\u5e74\u91d1\u878d\u6d77\u562f\u7684\u4e3b\u56e0\u662f\u6b21\u6309\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u6b21\u6309\u7684\u6e90\u982d\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\uff0c\u8981\u5169\u623f\u9054\u6210\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u5c4b\u4f4f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8ca8\u6b3e\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u5920\u9084\u50b5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u786c\u751f\u751f\u628a\u9055\u7d04\u98a8\u96aa\u6ce8\u5165\u5e02\u5834\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u50b3\u70b8\u5f48\u904a\u6232\u3002 \u7ae0\u672a\u4f5c\u8005\u4ecb\u7d39\u300c\u99ac\u592a\u6548\u61c9\u300d\u548c\u300c\u8ca7\u7aae\u9677\u9631\u300d\uff0c\u60f3\u8aaa\u670d\u8b80\u8005\u5e02\u5834\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u300c\u5bcc\u8005\u8d8a\u5bcc\uff0c\u8ca7\u8005\u8d8a\u8ca7\u300d\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5927\u8a71\u6015\u8a08\u6578\uff0c\u6211\u4f8b\u8209\u5169\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u9577\u9060\u800c\u8a00\u300c\u99ac\u592a\u6548\u61c9\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9053\u74ca\u65af\u5de5\u696d\u6307\u6578\u4e09\u5341\u96bb\u6210\u5206\u80a1\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u6709\u9322\u7684\u5927\u4f01\u696d\uff0c1970\u5e74\u5230\u73fe\u572840\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e94\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u4ecd\u7136\u7559\u5728\u6307\u6578\u5167\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u516c\u53f8\u7121\u5f97\u7559\u5e95\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u66f4\u52a0\u7834\u7522\u6536\u5834\u3002\u963f\u6839\u5ead\u65bc1900\u5e74\u6642\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5341\u5f37\uff0c\u4eba\u5747GPD\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u63a5\u8fd1\u7f8e\u570b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ead\u5247\u6dea\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u53cd\u89c0\u4e9e\u6d32\u5404\u570b\u5982\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u5357\u97d3\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u7b49\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u7aae\u4e8c\u767d\u5230\u6649\u9032\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u53ef\u898b\u6709\u9322\u53ef\u4ee5\u56e0\u70ba\u5931\u8aa4\u800c\u8b8a\u6210\u7121\u9322\uff0c\u7121\u9322\u7684\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6191\u9032\u6b65\u5f8c\u4f86\u8ffd\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u5275\u9020\u6027\u6bc0\u6ec5(creative destruction)\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u5e02\u5834\u5316\u8836\u98df\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c \u9019\u4e00\u7ae0\u8f49\u800c\u6279\u8a55\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4f5c\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c0d\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u8aa4\u89e3\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u8aaa \u5982\u679c\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u9858\u8cb7\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u9858\u8ce3\u300d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u90a3\u7e3b\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u4e0d\u8a31\u8ce3\u8840\uff0c\u8ce3\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u8ce3\u6deb\uff0c\u8ce3\u6bd2\u54c1\uff0c\u8cb7\u8ce3\u5b78\u4f4d\uff0c\u8cb7\u8ce3\u5b98\u8077\uff0c\u8cb7\u8ce3\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u300c\u8ce3\u8eab\u846c\u7236\u300d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u8a31\u8ce3\u300c\u9ec3\u725b\u98db\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4f60\u60c5\u6211\u9858\u7684\u9ad8\u5229\u8ca8\uff0c\u5305\u652c\u8a34\u8a1f\uff0c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5f0f\u63a8\u92b7\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u88ab\u5217\u70ba\u975e\u6cd5\uff1f\u5f88\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51cc\u99d5\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6289\u64c7\u4e4b\u4e0a \u9996\u5148\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6703\u8a8d\u540c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u8b02\u8cb7\u8ce3\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u81ea\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u8981\u5c0a\u91cd\u634d\u885b\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\u3002\u8ce3\u8840\uff0c\u8ce3\u5668\u8840\uff0c\u8ce3\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u8ce3\u8eab\u846c\u7236\u7b49\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u9055\u53cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8cb6\u70ba\u8ca8\u7269\uff0c\u8207\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u5fc5\u9700\u4ee5\u5408\u7d04\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u8aa0\u4fe1\u70ba\u5927\u524d\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u5e9c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u76e3\u7763\u4eba\u6c11\u5c65\u884c\u5408\u7d04\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u8cb7\u8ce3\u5b78\u4f4d\uff0c\u8cb7\u8ce3\u5b98\u8077\uff0c\u7092\u9ec3\u725b\u98db\uff0c\u9ad8\u5229\u8ca8\uff0c\u5305\u652c\u8a34\u8a1f\uff0c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5f0f\u63a8\u92b7\u7b49\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u542b\u6709\u6b3a\u9a19\u6216\u9055\u7d04\u6210\u4efd\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5b97\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bd2\u54c1\u4e0d\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u5176\u4ed6\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u6216\u53cd\u5c0d\u8ce3\u6bd2\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u7981\u4e0d\u7981\u6bd2\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u6210\u672c\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u8ce3\u6deb\u561b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u5b8c\u5168\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u8ce3\u6deb\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u72af\u6cd5\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u626f\u76ae\u689d\u3002 \u63a5\u8457\u9019\u7ae0\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6279\u8a55\u5e02\u5834\u5316\uff0c\u8aaa\u300c\u5e02\u5834\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u66f4\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u5730\u8836\u98df\u8457\u4eba\u969b\u9593\u7684\u502b\u7406\u95dc\u4fc2\u4ee5\u53ca\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u50f9\u503c\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u8209\u51fa\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8a17\u5152\u6240\u5c0d\u9072\u5230\u63a5\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u5bb6\u9577\u5f15\u5165\u7f70\u6b3e\u4f5c\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5728Predictably Irrational\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u6211\u4e5f\u6709\u770b\u904e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u628a\u9019\u500b\u5e02\u5834\u5316\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u672a\u514d\u904e\u4efd\u806f\u60f3\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u8166\u5206\u70ba\u611f\u6027\u548c\u7406\u6027\u5169\u500b\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5f97\u51fa\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u985e\u975e\u7406\u6027\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u6649\u8eab\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6Maurice Allais\u66f4\u6191\u6b64\u7372\u5f97\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u734e\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u5169\u8005\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bb9\u5171\u8655\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u67b6\u69cb\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u4f5c\u8005\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u6253\u7a3b\u8349\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u6279\u8a55\u6d88\u8cbb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8aaa\u300c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5341\u8db3\u5947\u602a\u7684\u672c\u672b\u5012\u7f6e\u300d\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u6703\u8a8d\u540c\u9019\u756a\u8aaa\u8a71\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4fbf\u662f\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8cc7\u672c\u53bb\u589e\u52a0\u751f\u7522\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u503c\u50f9\uff0c\u6d88\u8cbb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u537b\u53cd\u884c\u5176\u9053\u628a\u9322\u82b1\u6389\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4f55\u89e3\u4f5c\u8005\u628a\u6d88\u8cbb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b97\u5230\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u982d\u4e0a\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u4ed6\u53c8\u8aaa\uff1a \u6309\u7167\u300c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5927\u53ef\u5c07\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u516c\u5712\u3001\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u3001\u535a\u7269\u9928\u3001\u90f5\u653f\u5c40\u3001\u6c34\u52d9\u8655\u3001\u6d88\u9632\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u6551\u50b7\u8eca\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u6c23\u50cf\u670d\u52d9\u7b49\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u3002\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u5176\u81f3\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u8ecd\u968a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7dad\u6301\u6cbb\u5b89\u53ef\u7531\u4fdd\u5b89\u516c\u53f8\u8ca0\u8cac\u3001\u570b\u9632\u5247\u53ef\u7531\u50f1\u50ad\u5175\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002\u5f9e\u7d93\u6fdf\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u8f49\u8b8a\u80af\u5b9a\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6548\u76ca\u300d\u3002 \u54a6~ \u9019\u7ae0\u958b\u9996\u4e0d\u624d\u525b\u525b\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\u662f\u516c\u7528\u54c1(public goods)\uff0c\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u4f86\u505a\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u55ce\uff1f\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u4e5f\u767e\u4efd\u767e\u8a8d\u540c\u9019\u9ede\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6253\u5634\u5df4\uff1f\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63d0\u51fa\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\u5e02\u5834\u7af6\u722d\u6bd4\u653f\u5e9c\u5305\u8fa6\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4fbf\u61c9\u8a72\u8b93\u5e02\u5834\u4f86\u505a\uff0c\u4f46\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u904e\u6240\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52d9\u4e5f\u8981\u79c1\u71df\u5316\u554a\u3002\u518d\u8aaa\u591a\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u9019\u7ae0\u5f8c\u9762\u7684\u5c0f\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u7528\u6700\u5f8c\u901a\u789f\u904a\u6232(Utlimatum Game)\uff0c\u8aaa\u7406\u6027\u7684\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u4eba\u300d\u61c9\u8a72\u8b93\u4eba\u5bb6\u62ff\u4e5d\u5341\u4e5d\u5143\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u62cd\u5169\u6563\u4ee4\u5927\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6c92\u9322\u62ff\uff0c\u53bb\u8b49\u660e\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u4e4b\u5fc3\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u8b80\u904e\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6(Game Theory)\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7121\u4ec7\u5831\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u904a\u6232single shot game\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u904a\u6232\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u904a\u6232\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8986\u904a\u6232(repeated game)\u3002\u5728\u91cd\u8986\u904a\u6232\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u62cd\u5169\u6563\u662f\u8feb\u5c0d\u624b\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c40\u5c31\u7bc4\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u8166\u5c31\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u518d\u8005\u5c31\u7b97\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u904a\u6232\u4e2d\uff0c\u8b93\u5c0d\u624b\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u62cd\u5169\u6563\u7684\u6c7a\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u4e82\u4f86\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u8aaa\u7406\u6027\u7d93\u6fdf\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u592a\u904e\u77ed\u8996\u4e86\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7d93\u6fdf\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u9577\u9060\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6307\u6a19 \u4f5c\u8005\u8aaa\u8981\u53cd\u8f49\u4e3b\u6d41\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\uff0c\u9019\u7ae0\u6307\u51faGDP(Gross Domestic Product)\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b78\u7d93\u6fdf\u8ab2\u6216\u8a31\u6c92\u6709\u6559\uff0c\u5927\u5b78\u7d93\u6fdf\u8ab2\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u8b1b\u53caGDP\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u9019\u7ae0\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5168\u7121\u554f\u984c\u5341\u5206\u6b63\u8def\uff0cGDP\u7684\u4e14\u800c\u78ba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u72f9\u9698\u548c\u504f\u9817\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u300d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u91cf\u5ea6\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e00\u5e74\u5167\u7684\u82b1\u8cbb\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u53cd\u6620\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5982\u74b0\u5883\u8cc7\u6e90\u6d88\u8017\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u570b\u50b5\u589e\u52a0\u7b49\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5927\u6168\u9664\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u6703\u8a02\u4e0b\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u7684GDP\u589e\u9577\u76ee\u6a19\u5916\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u65e9\u5df2\u8a08\u7b97\u5176\u4ed6\u6307\u6a19\uff0c\u53bb\u5f4c\u4fddGDP\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u5982GNH(Gross National Happiness)\u6216HPI(Happy Planet Index)\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3GDP\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u6307\u6a19\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u91cf\u5ea6\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u4e3b\u89c0\u6027\u592a\u5f37\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5ba2\u89c0\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002 \u66f8\u4e2d\u4ea6\u63d0\u53ca\u7528\u904e\u6642\u7684GNP(Gross\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "\u66f8\u8a55"","block_context":{"text":"\u66f8\u8a55","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/l_p0024271795.jpg?fit=536%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/l_p0024271795.jpg?fit=536%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/l_p0024271795.jpg?fit=536%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":638,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e6%96%b0%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-libertarianism\/","url_meta":{"origin":1663,"position":2},"title":"\u6dfa\u8ad6\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Libertarianism)","author":"hevangel","date":"December 20, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u6216\u8005\u7528\u516c\u5e73\u70ba\u540d\u53bb\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9(Capitalsim)\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u96d6\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\ufe50\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u63a8\u8ad6\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u6700\u591a\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6700\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u4fbf\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u8150\u5316\ufe50Fedrick Hayek\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u5230\u52de\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u4e2d\ufe50\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u767c\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\ufe50\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5920\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7e7c\u7e8c\u652f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0d\u5c0d\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u82e5\u7528\u7a05\u6536\u53bb\u63a0\u596a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5f37\u8feb\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u5974\u96b8\ufe50\u6709\u9055\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002Robert Nozick\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe55 \u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6 (Entitlement Theory) \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u521d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u901a\u904e\u81ea\u9858\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u4ea4\u6613\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\ufe50\u5247\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u593e\u786c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6700\u521d\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0aNozick\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u5206\u914d\u904e\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7559\u610f\u4e00\u9ede\u662fNozick\u5c0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\ufe50\u8207Rawls\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Rawls\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u5747\u5206\ufe50Nozick\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u3002 \u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6 (Self-Ownership Argument) \u9996\u5148\u6211\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\ufe50\u4e0d\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\ufe50\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u64c1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u64c1\u6709\u7528\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u82e5\u653f\u5e9c\u5f37\u5236\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6211\u5c31\u8981\u4ea4\u51fa\u6211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53bb\u7d66\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\ufe50\u90a3\u6a23\u6211\u5c31\u6dea\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u8ca1\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u800c\u628a\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u4e4e\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u5f37\u5236\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u5ffd\u8996\u55ae\u55ae\u6750\u5e79\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u9084\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u500b\u9ad4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u5982\u571f\u5730\u6216\u751f\u7522\u516c\u5177\u7b49\u3002\u8981\u78ba\u7acb\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u5728\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u96a8\u8457\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u548c\u670d\u52d9\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u751f\u7522\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u7522\u696d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6e1b\u5c11\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002 David Gautheir\u5247\u5f9e\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u64da\u3002\u4ed6\u8207Rawls\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\ufe50\u662f\u4ed6\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u6750\u80fd\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6750\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\ufe50\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5951\u7d04\ufe50\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e5f\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u722d\u53d6\u6700\u5927\u76ca\u8655\u5916\ufe50\u9084\u8981\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\ufe50\u4e0d\u7136\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u7d19\u4e0a\u8ac7\u5175\u3002\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u884d\u751f\u8cc7\u6e90\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ea\u5c0d\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5be6\u884c\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u3002 \u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u516c\u7fa9\ufe50Gautheir\u56de\u61c9\u4ed6\u5011\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u516c\u7fa9\u6191\u7a7a\u8b8a\u51fa\u4f86\u7121\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\ufe50\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7b35\u570d\ufe50\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u63a2\u8a0e\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4f86\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5047\u5b9a\u516c\u7fa9\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\ufe50\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u5047\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u80fd\u9055\u53cd\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u8aaa\u8aaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8208\u8d77\ufe50\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672a\u958b\u59cb\u672a\u843d\u7684\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u8981\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\ufe50\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b93\u7aae\u4eba\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u624d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6307\u51fa\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u554f\u984c\ufe50\u990a\u61f6\u4eba\ufe50\u990a\u6210\u7aae\u4eba\u4f9d\u8cf4\u798f\u5229\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u65bd\u653f\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u798f\u5229\u653f\u7b56\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u56b4\u91cd\u5931\u8aa4\ufe50\u751a\u81f3\u8d8a\u5e6b\u8d8a\u5dee\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\u6578\u64da\u652f\u6301\ufe50\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u8996\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002","rel":"","context":"In "\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4985,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/12\/01\/%e4%b8%8d%e6%96%b9%e4%be%bf%e7%9a%84%e9%80%9a%e8%ad%98-%e8%ac%9d%e6%af%85\/","url_meta":{"origin":1663,"position":3},"title":"\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u901a\u8b58 – \u8b1d\u6bc5","author":"hevangel","date":"December 1, 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"\u8aaa\u5728\u524d\u982d\u9019\u7bc7\u66f8\u8a55\u6709\u9ede\u81b3\u7a3f\u7684\u5473\u9053\ufe50\u300a\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u901a\u8b58\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u8b1d\u6bc5\ufe50\u662f\u5f88\u5c11\u6578\u6211\u5f9e\u7db2\u7d61\u840d\u6c34\u76f8\u9022\ufe50\u8b8a\u6210\u8b8a\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u8207\u6211\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u5ff5\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u8fd1\ufe50\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\ufe50\u96e3\u602a\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u898b\u5982\u6545\ufe50\u6709\u7121\u6578\u8aaa\u4e0d\u76e1\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u6c34\u5e73\u53ea\u662f\u505c\u7559\u5728\u5439\u6c34\u5c64\u6b21\ufe50\u4eba\u5bb6\u4fbf\u5df2\u662f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5169\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5927\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u82b8\u82b8\u773e\u591a\u5de6\u50be\u7684\u6642\u4e8b\u8a55\u8ad6\u7576\u4e2d\ufe50\u4ed6\u53ef\u662f\u7d55\u7121\u50c5\u6709\u7684\u53f3\u6d3e\u64c1\u8e89\ufe50\u4e5f\u7b97\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53e6\u985e\u8072\u97f3\u3002 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\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u7ae0\ufe55 \u54f2\u5b78\u529f\u8ab2\ufe55\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u52de\u5de5\u525d\u524a \u6dfa\u8ad6\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Marxism) \u6dfa\u8ad6\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Libertarianism) \u6dfa\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Liberalism) \u6dfa\u8ad6\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Utilitariainsim) \u54f2\u5b78\u529f\u8ab2\ufe55 \u95dc\u4f60\u53c9\u4e8b\u5b9a\u5f8b","rel":"","context":"In "\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/12\/019878274801_aa240_sclzzzzzzz_.jpg?fit=240%2C240&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":685,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/markets-dont-fail-brian-p-simpson\/","url_meta":{"origin":1663,"position":5},"title":"Markets Don’t Fail – Brian P. 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