{"id":2133,"date":"2009-02-21T22:50:40","date_gmt":"2009-02-22T06:50:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/02\/21\/a-good-book-in-theory-alan-sears\/"},"modified":"2015-10-28T16:16:52","modified_gmt":"2015-10-29T00:16:52","slug":"a-good-book-in-theory-alan-sears","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/02\/21\/a-good-book-in-theory-alan-sears\/","title":{"rendered":"A Good Book, In Theory – Alan Sears"},"content":{"rendered":"

A Good Book, In Theory<\/a> \u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c0d\u7406\u8ad6\u7e3d\u662f\u62b1\u6709\u6575\u8996\u614b\u5ea6\ufe50\u8a8d\u5b9a\u7406\u8ad6\u812b\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7528\u8655\ufe50\u53ea\u662f\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u5167\u86cb\u982d\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u7121\u804a\u73a9\u610f\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5f9e\u5c0f\u8b80\u7406\u79d1\u9577\u5927\ufe50\u66f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5de5\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7684\u6d17\u79ae\ufe50\u900f\u904e\u7406\u8ad6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4e8b\u7269\ufe50\u5c31\u5f77\u5982\u547c\u5438\u822c\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\u672c\u80fd\ufe50\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u6392\u62c6\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u6559\u6388\ufe50\u7d66\u5927\u5b78\u4e00\u5e74\u7d1a\u751f\u4e0a\u7406\u8ad6\u8ab2\u6642\ufe50\u770b\u5230\u5b78\u751f\u5982\u58ae\u767e\u91cc\u96f2\u9727\u5167\ufe50\u5b8c\u5168\u8ff7\u5931\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5927\u6d77\u4e2d\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u4ed6\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5beb\u4e00\u672c\u6dfa\u767d\u6613\u660e\u7684\u66f8\ufe50\u70ba\u5b78\u751f\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u7fd2\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u90a3\u4e9b\u6df1\u5967\u8907\u7fd2\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u800c\u662f\u4f9b\u63d0\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u5730\u5716\ufe50\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u4e0d\u518d\u6050\u4ff1\u548c\u58d3\u60e1\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

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"\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/204993289.jpg?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1263,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2007\/05\/05\/phil242\/","url_meta":{"origin":2133,"position":1},"title":"PHIL242 Philosophy of Art \u85dd\u8853\u54f2\u5b78","author":"hevangel","date":"May 5, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u85dd\u8853\ufe56\u5982\u4f55\u53bb\u5206\u8fa8\u4e00\u4ef6\u85dd\u8853\u7684\u597d\u58de\ufe56\u7f8e\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\ufe56\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u662f\u85dd\u8853\u54f2\u5b78\u8981\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5b78\u671f\u6211\u4fee\u8b80\u4e86\u85dd\u8853\u54f2\u5b78\u9019\u4e00\u8ab2\ufe50\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u85dd\u8853\u4e00\u7ac5\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u4eba\ufe50\u9019\u5802\u8ab2\u8b80\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u9ede\u5152\u5403\u529b\u3002\u6559\u6388\u5728\u8ab2\u5802\u4e0a\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u53e4\u4eca\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f8b\u5b50\ufe50\u5e74\u4efd\u9060\u7684\u9084\u597d\u4e9b\ufe50\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u4e9b\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7279\u8272\ufe50\u81f3\u5c11\u6211\u66fe\u807d\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\ufe50\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002\u73ed\u4e0a\u5c0d\u85dd\u8853\u7d20\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u540c\u5b78\ufe50\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u97f3\u6a02\u96fb\u5f71\u5c0f\u8aaa\u9084\u662f\u8a69\ufe50\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u6578\u5bb6\u73cd\u822c\u548c\u6559\u6388\u4f83\u4f83\u800c\u8ac7\ufe50\u771f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u81ea\u6127\u4e0d\u5982\u3002\u5e78\u597d\u4e0d\u7528\u61c2\u5f97\u85dd\u8853\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u767d\u85dd\u8853\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u5c0d\u85dd\u8853\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u8209\u5b50\u4f8b\u6642\u6bd4\u8f03\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e9b\u5427\u3002 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Stohr","author":"hevangel","date":"April 19, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"\u6211\u8b80\u7684\u5927\u5b78\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7562\u696d\u751f\u80fd\u5920\u7d42\u751f\u514d\u8cbb\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u5b78\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u3002\u6709\u6642\u5019\u60f3\u770b\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f03\u51b7\u9580\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u66f8\u85c9\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u501f\u95b1\uff0c\u7db2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e0b\u8f09\uff0c\u9023Amazon\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709preview\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a66\u95b1\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5019\u5927\u5b78\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u4fbf\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u300c\u8ad6\u79ae\u8c8c\u300d\u662fThinking in Action\u54f2\u5b78\u666e\u7d1a\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u672c\uff0c\u96d6\u8aaa\u662f\u5927\u773e\u5411\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u666e\u7d1a\u66f8\u85c9\uff0c\u4f46\u5167\u5bb9\u6bd4\u65e9\u524d\u4ecb\u7d39\u904e\u7684Philosophy 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\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u807d\u843d\u5f88\u9ad8\u6df1\u96e3\u61c2\ufe50\u7576\u4e2d\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u6578\u5b78\u6216\u8a31\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u96e3\ufe50\u53c8\u8981\u7528\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u53c8\u8981\u7528\u6a5f\u9047\u7387\ufe50\u4e0d\u904e\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6168\u5ff5\u5176\u5be6\u7c21\u55ae\u6613\u660e\u3002\u8981\u627e\u91cf\u5316\u627e\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u5e73\u8861\u9ede\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\ufe50\u82e5\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u501f\u7528\u5176\u6168\u5ff5\u4f5c\u7c97\u7565\u4f30\u8a08\ufe50\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u6559\u61c2\u6211\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u55ae\u53ea\u662f\u60b6\u86cb\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\ufe50\u5176\u539f\u7406\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u64c7\ufe50\u9019\u8b80\u8ab2\u771f\u7684\u6211\u8b93\u6211\u5927\u958b\u773c\u754c\ufe50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u4e0a\u4e86\u4eba\u751f\u5bf6\u8cb4\u7684\u4e00\u8ab2\u3002 \u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5802\u6642\u6559\u6388\u5df2\u5411\u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u6e05\u695a\ufe50\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u73fe\u5be6\ufe50\u53ea\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6a21\u7591\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5206\u6790\u9019\u500b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e16\u754c\ufe50\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u6e05\u695a\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5148\u8981\u6253\u597d\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\ufe50\u624d\u80fd\u61c9\u4ed8\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u7531\u6dfa\u5165\u6df1\ufe50\u5148\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5b78\u7fd2\u7c21\u55ae\u5b8c\u5168\u812b\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u535a\u5955\u8cfd\u5c40\ufe50\u660e\u767d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u57fa\u790e\u6168\u5ff5\u5f8c\ufe50\u624d\u6162\u6162\u52a0\u5165\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u8907\u96dc\ufe50\u548c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u50cf\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u8cfd\u5c40\u8b8a\u5316\u3002 \u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u5047\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u53c3\u52a0\u8005(player)\u4e5f\u662f\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5c0f\u5fc3\ufe50\u5373\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u6700\u5927\u56de\u5831\u7684\u9078\u64c7\ufe50\u4e0d\u6703\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8a08\u932f\u6578\u3002\u4f46\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5047\u5b9a\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\u81ea\u79c1\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u5229\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u56de\u5831\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u5167\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5b78\u7fd2\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\ufe50\u4e5f\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5c40(prisoner dilemma)\ufe50\u5169\u500b\u56da\u72af\u6c7a\u5b9a\u62db\u6216\u4e0d\u62db\u4f9b\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5168\u77e5\u52d5\u614b\u55ae\u6b21\u8cfd\u5c40(perfect complete static single game)\ufe50\u4ea6\u662f\u6700\u6700\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8cfd\u5c40\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861(Nash equilibrium)\u662f\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u6700\u5e38\u807d\u5230\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u6307\u6240\u6709\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u55ae\u65b9\u9762\u884c\u52d5\u53bb\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56de\u5831\u3002\u5373\u662f\u8cfd\u5c40\u8655\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u8861\u72c0\u614b\ufe50\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u9810\u6e2c\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u9078\u64c7\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u624b\u53ea\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u66f4\u52a0\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5b58\u5728\ufe50\u6559\u6388\u96d6\u7136\u66fe\u5beb\u51fa\u4e86\u8b49\u660e\u7b97\u5f0f\ufe50\u4e0d\u904e\u90a3\u689d\u6578\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u6df1\u5967\u4e86\ufe50\u5e78\u597d\u6211\u4f86\u65c1\u807d\u4e0d\u7528\u8003\u8a66\u3002 \u52a3\u52e2\u7b56\u7565(dominated strategy)\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\ufe50\u4e5f\u6709\u66f4\u52a0\u597d\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\ufe50\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u52a3\u52e2\u7b56\u7565\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u64c7\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u56de\u5831\u561b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u53cd\u8986\u522a\u6e1b\u6cd5(iterated elimination)\ufe50\u9664\u53bb\u8cfd\u5c40\u4e2d\u7684\u52a3\u52e2\u7b56\u7565\ufe50\u7c21\u5316\u8cfd\u5c40\u7684\u5206\u6790\ufe50\u751a\u81f3\u627e\u51fa\u8cfd\u5c40\u7684\u7b54\u6848(solution)\ufe50\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u8cfd\u5c40\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u9ede\u3002 \u5f88\u591a\u6642\u8cfd\u5c40\u6c92\u6709\u7d14\u7a2e\u7b56\u7565(pure strategy)\ufe50\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u767e\u642d\u6240\u6709\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u9078\u64c7\ufe50\u4f46\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u6709\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u500b\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565(mix strategy)\u3002\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u6307\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u597d\u9078\u64c7\ufe50\u4fbf\u662f\u6309\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u7387\ufe50\u96a8\u6a5f\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5c0d\u624b\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u61c9\u4f60\u7684\u9078\u64c7\ufe50\u4ed6\u7684\u9047\u671f\u56de\u5831(expected return)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u8d85\u904e\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u9ede\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u660e\u767d\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6168\u5ff5\u5f8c\ufe50\u91cd\u8986\u8cfd\u5c40(finite game)\u7121\u7aae\u8cfd\u5c40(infinite game)\u548c\u52d5\u614b\u8cfd\u5c40(dynamic game)\u53ea\u662f\u66f4\u52a0\u8907\u96dc\u8cfd\u5c40\ufe50\u5176\u89e3\u7b54\u539f\u7406\u8207\u57fa\u672c\u8cfd\u5c40\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u5229\u7528\u53cd\u5411\u6b78\u7d0d\u6cd5(backward induction)\ufe50\u627e\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u5b50\u8cfd\u5c40\u7684\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861(sub-game Nash equilibrium)\ufe50\u518d\u53cd\u8986\u63a8\u8ad6\u627e\u51fa\u6574\u500b\u8cfd\u5c40\u7684\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u7121\u7aae\u8cfd\u5c40\u6700\u7279\u5225\u7684\u5730\u65b9\ufe50\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u61f2\u7f70\u7b56\u7565(punishment)\ufe50\u7528\u640d\u5df1\u640d\u5169\u6557\u4ff1\u50b7\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\ufe50\u53bb\u8feb\u5c0d\u624b\u4e0d\u4f5c\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u8a08\u7b97\ufe50\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u7b56\u7565\ufe50\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u640d\u5931\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\ufe50\u6536\u5230\u6700\u5927\u7684\u963b\u5687\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u975c\u614b\u8cfd\u5c40\u4e2d\ufe50\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c40\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u8b8a\ufe50\u800c\u52d5\u614b\u535a\u5955\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u5247\u53d7\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c40\u9078\u64c7\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8cfd\u5c40(imperfect information game)\u548c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8cfd\u5c40(incomplete information game)\u662f\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u8b8a\u5316\ufe50\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8b8a\u5316\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u689d\u4ef6\ufe50\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u624b\u66fe\u7d93\u4f5c\u51fa\u751a\u9ebc\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u6307\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u689d\u4ef6\ufe50\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u624b\u6240\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8cfd\u5c40\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u539f\u7406\u540c\u4e0a\ufe50\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8cfd\u5c40\u5247\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8c9d\u6c0f\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861(Bayes-Nash equilibrium)\u4f86\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u55ae\u5143\u4e0d\u80fd\u9010\u4e00\u8a73\u4f8b\ufe50\u5982\u96f6\u548c\u8cfd\u5c40(zero-sum game)\ufe50\u9053\u5fb7\u98a8\u96aa(moral hazard)\ufe50\u8cfd\u5c40\u8a2d\u8a08(mechanical design)\ufe50\u8a0a\u606f\u8cfd\u5c40(signaling game)\ufe50\u6bcf\u7a2e\u8cfd\u5c40\u4e5f\u5404\u6709\u7279\u6027\u548c\u7528\u9014\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u8aaa\u7a7f\u4e86\u842c\u8b8a\u4e0d\u96e2\u5176\u5b97\ufe50\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6240\u5728\u3002 \u8ab2\u7a0b\u9664\u4e86\u7a7a\u8ac7\u7406\u8ad6\u5916\ufe50\u9084\u6709\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e9b\u73fe\u5be6\u4f8b\u5b50\ufe50\u597d\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u898b\u8b58\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u61c9\u7528\u3002\u7576\u7136\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u6578\u64da\u7d93\u904e\u7c21\u5316\ufe50\u4f46\u5df2\u8db3\u4ee5\u8aaa\u670d\u6211\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5a01\u529b\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f38\u51fa\u570b\u7d44\u7e54(OPEC)\u548c\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5371\u6a5f\ufe50\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f15\u5165\u7af6\u722d\u6703\u4ee4\u5e02\u50f9\u4e0b\u8dcc\ufe50\u800c\u58df\u65b7\u4e0d\u5229\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u3002\u5206\u6790NASDAQ\u80a1\u5e02\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u50b5\u5377\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u69cb\u79c1\u4e0b\u4e92\u901a\u72fd\u72d9\u70ba\u5978\u7684\u5bb3\u8655\ufe50\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u5011\u806f\u624b\u9020\u5e02\u3002\u6700\u4ee4\u6211\u611f\u5230\u5982\u5922\u521d\u9192\ufe50\u662f\u5206\u6790\u82f1\u5f0f\u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u8377\u5f0f\u62cd\u8ce3\u4e0d\u540c\ufe50\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u8ce3\u65b9\u5728\u5169\u8005\u7684\u9810\u671f\u6536\u5165\u5747\u7b49\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u4fee\u8b80\u4e86\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8ab2\ufe50\u6211\u4e0d\u6562\u8aaa\u81ea\u5df1\u61c2\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u6211\u53ea\u7565\u61c2\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u76ae\u6bdb\u3002\u6211\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u61c2\u5982\u53ef\u8a08\u7b97\u904b\u7528\ufe50\u4f46\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u7a7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u61c2\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8005\ufe50\u62ff\u8457\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u7576\u6643\u5b50\u7684\u628a\u6232\ufe50\u4e0d\u6015\u4eba\u5bb6\u62cb\u5e7e\u500b\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u4fbf\u88ab\u5687\u5012\u3002\u8b80\u535a\u5955\u7406\u8ad6\u6700\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5730\u65b9\ufe50\u9084\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u6211\u73a9\u6a38\u514b\u724c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u7d20\u8cea\u3002\u4ee5\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u4e0b\u6ce8\ufe50\u77e5\u9053\u5c0d\u624b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9810\u671f\u56de\u5831\ufe50\u5269\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u4fbf\u662f\u8ced\u904b\u6c23\ufe50\u770b\u770b\u8ab0\u7684\u724c\u8f03\u5927\u3002\u518d\u4e0d\u7528\u64d4\u5fc3\u5c0d\u624b\u662f\u5426\u5077\u96de\u4f5c\u5927\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u9577\u7dda\u800c\u8a00\u8ab0\u62ff\u5927\u724c\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u7387\u662f\u5747\u7b49\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u5c0d\u624b\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u4e0b\u6ce8\ufe50\u5728\u6a5f\u6703\u7387\u4e0a\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u8f38\u4e86\u3002\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u795e\u5947\u5730\ufe50\u4ee5\u524d\u6211\u73a9\u724c\u8f38\u591a\u8d0f\u5c11\ufe50\u8fd1\u4f86\u73a9\u724c\u5c31\u7b97\u4e0d\u8d0f\ufe50\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u5927\u8f38\u3002\u4e0d\u8b1b\u4e0d\u77e5\ufe50\u6a38\u514b\u4e16\u754c\u8cfd\u7684\u51a0\u8ecd\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\ufe50\u662f\u4ed6\u767c\u660e\u4e86\u7d0d\u6b8a\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u73a9\u6cd5\ufe50\u7576\u7136\u4ed6\u8a08\u7b97\u5982\u4f55\u4e0b\u6ce8\u6bd4\u6211\u8907\u96dc\u5f88\u591a\u3002","rel":"","context":"In "\u66f8\u8a55"","block_context":{"text":"\u66f8\u8a55","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/12\/515W6N5GKHL.jpg?fit=390%2C475&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1129,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2007\/01\/16\/a-short-history-of-nearly-everything-bill-bryson\/","url_meta":{"origin":2133,"position":4},"title":"A Short History of Nearly Everything – Bill Bryson","author":"hevangel","date":"January 16, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"\u842c\u7269\u7c21\u53f2\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u6b77\u53f2\u66f8\ufe50\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u66f8\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u8aaa\ufe50\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u7684\u8ab2\u672c\u548c\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u4e2d\ufe50\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u5e38\u63a5\u89f8\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\ufe50\u4f8b\u5982\u5b87\u5b99\u5f9e\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u8a95\u751f\ufe50\u5730\u7403\u6709\u516d\u5104\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\ufe50\u5149\u901f\u97f3\u901f\u6709\u591a\u5feb\ufe50\u751f\u7269\u9032\u5316\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u5f80\u5f80\u8996\u4e4b\u70ba\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\ufe50\u5c0d\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u89e3\u8aaa\u7167\u55ae\u5168\u6536\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u904e\ufe50\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u5f9e\u4f55\u4ee5\u4f86\ufe50\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6700\u521d\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u5462\ufe56\u4f5c\u8005\u7528\u4e86\u4e09\u5e74\u6642\u9593\ufe50\u8003\u8b49\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b\ufe50\u8a2a\u554f\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5404\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\ufe50\u5beb\u6210\u4e86\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u79d1\u5b78\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u9019\u672c\u662f\u79d1\u666e\u8b80\u7269\ufe50\u5167\u5bb9\u6d89\u7375\u751a\u5ee3\ufe50\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u555f\u8499\u4ee5\u4f86\ufe50\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u5beb\u5f97\u5f88\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\ufe50\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e2d\u5b78\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5c31\u770b\u5f97\u660e\u767d\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u89e3\u91cb\u90a3\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u53ea\u4f54\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\ufe50\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7bc7\u5e45\u63cf\u5beb\u767c\u73fe\u90a3\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u7d93\u904e\ufe50\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u8da3\u805e\u9038\u4e8b\ufe50\u4e0d\u540c\u5b78\u6d3e\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u9b25\u722d\ufe50\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u4e00\u74b0\u7dca\u6263\u4e00\u74b0\u5e36\u51fa\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u59cb\u7d42\u4e0d\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u8457\u4f5c\ufe50\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u8b80\u8005\u70ba\u5c0d\u50cf\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8b80\u66f8\ufe50\u5167\u5bb9\u65b9\u4fbf\u5f88\u96e3\u8981\u6c42\u767e\u4efd\u767e\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u6709\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u77e5\u534a\u89e3\ufe50\u5728\u4e9e\u99ac\u905c\u7db2\u7ad9\u7684\u66f8\u8a55\u4e2d\ufe50\u4e5f\u6709\u6307\u51fa\u4e0d\u5c11\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u6709\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u672c\u79d1\u5b78\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u85c9\ufe50\u9019\u66f8\u5728\u8da3\u5473\u6027\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6027\u53d6\u5f88\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u8b80\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u660e\u767d\u66f8\u4e2d\u53ea\u662f\u8aaa\u4e00\u4e9b\u51b7\u77e5\u8b58\ufe50\u82e5\u60f3\u5c0d\u67d0\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6df1\u5165\u947d\u7814\ufe50\u59cb\u7d42\u9084\u662f\u8981\u770b\u6709\u95dc\u5c08\u9580\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u66f8\u85c9\u3002 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"\u66f8\u8a55"","block_context":{"text":"\u66f8\u8a55","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/01\/img0.jpg?fit=463%2C700&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":13993,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2019\/12\/10\/social-choice-and-individual-values-2nd-ed-kenneth-j-arrow\/","url_meta":{"origin":2133,"position":5},"title":"Social Choice and Individual Values (2nd Ed.) – Kenneth J. Arrow","author":"hevangel","date":"December 10, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65e9\u524d\u4ecb\u7d39\u904e\u300a\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u59cb\u7d42\u65bc\u90a3\u662f\u4e8c\u624b\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80\u5165\u9580\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u627e\u4f86\u4e86\u963f\u7f85\u7684\u539f\u8457\u300aSocial Choice and Individual Values\u300b\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u539f\u8457\u6bd4\u5c0e\u8b80\u300aThe Arrow Impossibility Theorem\u300b\u9084\u8981\u8584\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u9801\uff0c\u8207\u8aaa\u5176\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u9577\u8ad6\u6587\u3002 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