{"id":2547,"date":"2009-04-13T22:16:31","date_gmt":"2009-04-14T06:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=2547"},"modified":"2019-11-30T23:56:56","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T07:56:56","slug":"fear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/04\/13\/fear\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5169\u5468\u4e00\u805a: \u6015"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/04\/A15571-1223999216.1415620362.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"13964\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/04\/13\/fear\/a15571-1223999216-1415620362\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/04\/A15571-1223999216.1415620362.jpg?fit=300%2C442&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,442\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" 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\/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/fear\">hevangel<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/ca8hk.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/2w1g-14-fear\/\">\u52a0\u71e6<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/dessyng.blogspot.com\/2009\/04\/hevangel-hevangel.html\">The Man Who Loves Everton<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/petiteinote.blogspot.com\/2009\/04\/blog-post_15.html \">Michelle<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/c9aimeili.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/biweekly-blogging12\/\">Readandeat<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/athrunz.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/15\/%E5%85%A9%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%81%9A12-%E6%80%95\/\">Athrunz<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/tziganejl.mysinablog.com\/index.php?op=ViewArticle&amp;articleId=1671990\">Tzigane<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/wordwordword.wordpress.com\/\">\u5468\u6e38<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/leaflai.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/%e5%85%a9%e5%91%a8%e4%b8%80%e8%81%9a%e9%a1%8c%e7%9b%ae-%e6%80%95\/\">Simon Lai<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/lomichee.wordpress.com\/\">Lomichee<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/gwenzilla.wordpress.com\/\">Gwen<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wiwiana.com\/evanston\">Wiwinana<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.paragraphy.net\/?p=518\">Nankin<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/zero-dz.blogspot.com\/\">Zero<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chyleung.com\/wordpress\/archives\/1585\">\u82b8<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/dorablahblah.blogspot.com\/2009\/04\/blog-post_3413.html\">Mad dog<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/silvercable.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/15\/biweekly12\/\">Silver<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/wanni.posterous.com\/\">Wanni<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lotusandcedar.blogspot.com\/2009\/04\/2weeks1gather-12my-fear-of-failure.html\">Haricot<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/ashlynnlo.xanga.com\/698487136\/\">Cillli mom<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/mingmanfred.blogspot.com\/\">Mingmanfred<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/bungy-pig.blogspot.com\/\">Bungy-Zoe<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/petitevenus.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/15\/%E5%85%A9%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%81%9A%EF%BC%9A%E6%80%95\/\">Venus \u7dad\u7d0d\u65af<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/longqt.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/\u6015-2\/\">Longqt<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/chusherry.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/01-38\/\">Sherry<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/xi3366.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/%E5%85%A9%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%81%9A%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%80%95\/\">\u6d1b\u8a00<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/reservationundercnc.blogspot.com\/2009\/04\/blog-post_5829.html\">Cr<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/gwenzilla.wordpress.com\/2009\/04\/14\/%E5%85%A9%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%81%9A%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C-%E3%80%8C%E6%80%95%E3%80%8D\/\">\u8ecd\u5e2b\u5976<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u671f\u76ee\u984c\ufe55 <a href=\"http:\/\/tziganejl.mysinablog.com\/index.php?op=ViewArticle&amp;articleId=1669803\">\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\/Worldview<\/a> (\u51fa\u984c\u8005:Tzigane)<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u679c\u60f3\u53c3\u52a0<a href=\"http:\/\/2weeks1gather.wordpress.com\">\u5169\u5468\u4e00\u805a<\/a>\u7684\u670b\u53cb\ufe50\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u770b\u9019\u500b<a href=\"http:\/\/2weeks1gather.wordpress.com\">\u7db2\u9801<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6211\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u5f88\u5bb3\u6015\u66f1\u7534\ufe50\u770b\u898b\u9019\u53ea\u5561\u8272\u6a23\u8c8c\u5614\u5fc3\u7684\u6606\u87f2\ufe50\u6211\u7e3d\u6703\u54c7\u54c7\u5927\u53eb\u614c\u843d\u800c\u9003\u3002\u5728\u56de\u5357\u5929\u7684\u6642\u5019\ufe50\u66f1\u7534\u9084\u6703\u9577\u51fa\u7fc5\u65c1\ufe50\u98db\u8d77\u4f86\u653b\u64ca\u4eba\u985e\ufe50\u5341\u5206\u5687\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u963f\u5abd\u8a8d\u70ba\u7537\u5b69\u5b50\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u52c7\u6562\u4e9b\ufe50\u9019\u9ebc\u5927\u500b\u4eba\u600e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb3\u6015\u4e00\u96bb\u7d30\u5c0f\u7684\u6606\u87f2\u3002\u5927\u6168\u662f\u5c0f\u5b78\u4e94\u516d\u5e74\u7d1a\u7684\u6642\u5019\ufe50\u5979\u7d42\u65bc\u770b\u4e0d\u904e\u773c\u6211\u9a5a\u6050\u7684\u6a21\u6a23\ufe50\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5be6\u884c\u5979\u7684\u514b\u670d\u66f1\u7534\u6050\u61fc\u75c5\u7684\u7279\u8a13\u8a08\u5283\u3002 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3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13930,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2019\/11\/26\/the-arrow-impossibility-theorem-eric-maskin-and-amartya-sen\/","url_meta":{"origin":2547,"position":2},"title":"The Arrow Impossibility Theorem &#8211; Eric Maskin and Amartya Sen","author":"hevangel","date":"November 26, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u6587\u7ae0\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u7acb\u5834\u65b0\u805e \u62d6\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u898b\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u5efa\u5236\u6158\u6557\uff0c\u9b06\u4e86\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e00\u4e0b\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406 (Arrow's Impossibility Theorem) \u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6096\u8ad6 (Arrow's Impossibility Theorem \u53c8\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba \"Arrow's Paradox\") \u3002 \u81ea\u5f9e\u53cd\u9001\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u64da\u6211\u5728\u7db2\u7d61\u5e73\u53f0\u7f75\u6230\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6e2f\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ad6\u85cd\u7d72\u6216\u9ec3\u7d72\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u8cea\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u4f3c\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u6d17\u8166\u7684\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff08\u6709\u6e2f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6d77\u5916\u83ef\u6a4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4ee5\u5927\u9678\u4eba\u5c45\u591a\uff09\uff0c\u6703\u8aaa\u9999\u6e2f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e82\u5c40\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5370\u8b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6975\u6b0a\u5c08\u653f\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u52dd\u4e91\u4e91\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4eca\u5929\u4e82\u5c40\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9999\u6e2f\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\u883b\u4e0d\u8b1b\u7406\u601d\u8def\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u7d14\u8403\u7d61\u7db2\u66f1\u7534\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7406\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u5076\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u507d\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u5c0f\u7d05\u7c89\uff0c\u7adf\u81bd\u6562\u632a\u7528\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e16\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5077\u63db\u6168\u5ff5\uff0c\u8aaa\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u5305\u55ae\u4efb\u4f55\u6253\u8457\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u65d7\u865f\u53cd\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u539f\u8457\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ecd\u4eba\u683c\u8aa0\u4fe1\u7834\u7522\u7684\u9a19\u5f92\u3002\uff08\u63d0\u5916\u8a71\uff0c\u82e5\u679c\u898b\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u7528\u300c\u7532>\u4e59>\u4e19>\u7532\u300d\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u53bb\u8b1b\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u4eba\u80af\u5b9a\u7121\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u517c\u56b4\u91cd\u8aa4\u89e3\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u3002\u5faa\u74b0\u6392\u540d\u90a3\u500b\u662fCondorcet\u6096\u8ad6\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u8986\u84cb\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u66f4\u5ee3\u7b35\u3002\uff09 \u9019\u672c\u300aThe Arrow Impossiblity Theorem\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u4e86\u5169\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6Eric Maskin\u548cAmartya Sen\u65bc\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u5beb\u5f15\u8a00(opneing remarks)\u7684Joseph Stiglitz\u548c\u5beb\u8a55\u8ff0\u53ca\u611f\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2Kenneth Arrow\uff08\u963f\u7f85\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u4e5f\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u56db\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u5de8\u661f\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u661f\u5149\u71a0\u71a0\u3002Sen\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u90e8\u4efd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u592a\u96e3\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u63a8\u8ad6\u3002Maskin\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u5247\u8ad6\u8b49majority rules\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u963f\u7f85\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8584\u8584\u4e00\u672c\u767e\u4e94\u9801\u7684\u5c0f\u66f8\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\u5730\u628a\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\u6e05\u695a\u3002 \u8aaa\u4e86\u9019\u9ebc\u4e45\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u5462\uff1fArrow\u539f\u672c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u53f8\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u7528\u6578\u5b78\u53bb\u8ad6\u8b49\u80a1\u6771\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u7968\u4f5c\u51fa\u5546\u696d\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u540c\u6a23\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u3002Arrow\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u70ba\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u800c\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7a2e\u7968\uff0cDQ\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u5047\u5730\u5740\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u86c7\u9f4b\u9905\u7ced\u8cb7\u7968\u7b49\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6392\u5217\u9078\u9805\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u773e\u9078\u9805\u4e2d\u6311\u9078\u51fa\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff1b\u800c\u4f55\u8b02\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6295\u7968\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5fc5\u9700\u5408\u4e4e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u500b\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u6295\u7968\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236 Unrestricted Domain (U) \u5728\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u4e26\u975e\u5e38\u898b\u53ea\u80fd\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u9078\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u6309\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u6392\u540d\u3002(U)\u662f\u6307\u9078\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u6642\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u5f97\u51fa\u4f86\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6392\u540d\u4ea6\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u7e3d\u7d50\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\uff09\u660e\u78ba\u662f\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u9078\u6c11\u9078\u7968\u4e2d\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\uff08\u5982\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\uff09\uff0c\u537b\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u8fd4(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5b9a\u7406\u4e2d\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\"social welfare function\"\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u689d\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u7684\u6295\u7968\u8f38\u5165\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u6392\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6307\u51fa\u5fc5\u9700\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u689d\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u8a00\u516c\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6709\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u4e4e\u5408(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u537b\u662f\u9055\u53cd(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5317\u97d3\u9810\u77e5\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u529f\u80fd\u7d44\u5225\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\u7b49\u3002 \u7121\u95dc\u9078\u9805\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u7d50\u679c Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (I) \u4efb\u4f55\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u9078\u8209\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u70ba\u51fa\u73fe\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u9078\u9805\u300c\u4e19\u300d\uff0c\u8b93\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8b8a\u6210\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u4e00\u5340\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u6216\u300c\u672c\u571f\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u8f38\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u7576\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u4e09\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u300c\u672c\u571f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u300d\u4e92\u76f8\u5206\u8584\u7968\u6e90\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u57f7\u6b7b\u96de\u52dd\u51fa\uff0c\u4fd7\u7a31\u300c\u9385\u7968\u300d \u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u7684\u55ae\u8b70\u5e2d\u55ae\u7968\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u9055\u53cd\u4e86(I)\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002 \u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8981\u5982\u5be6\u53cd\u6620\u6c11\u610f Pareto Principle (P) \u82e5\u679c\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u90fd\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d14\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u9078\u6c11\u4eba\u6578\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u5c0d\u300c\u7532\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u3002\u8981\u5f97\u8a18\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8d0f\u5bb6\uff0c\u9078\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u662f\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u9078\u7968\u4e2d\u6709\u300c\u7532\u4e59\u4e19\u4e01\u300d\u56db\u500b\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u6709\u5047\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff08\u5982\u300c\u4e19>\u7532>\u4e01>\u4e59\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e01>\u4e19>\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5982\u679c\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u53cd\u4e86(P)\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de6\u53f3\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c Nondictatorship (D)\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u66f8\u8a55&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u66f8\u8a55","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9780231153287.jpg?fit=350%2C525&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4018,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/01\/31\/%e5%85%a9%e9%80%b1%e4%b8%80%e8%81%9a%ef%b9%95%e9%ac%bc\/","url_meta":{"origin":2547,"position":3},"title":"\u5169\u9031\u4e00\u805a\ufe55\u9b3c","author":"hevangel","date":"January 31, 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