{"id":3241,"date":"2009-07-19T15:20:09","date_gmt":"2009-07-19T23:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/"},"modified":"2009-07-19T15:20:09","modified_gmt":"2009-07-19T23:20:09","slug":"encouraging-competitiveness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/","title":{"rendered":"Encouraging competitiveness"},"content":{"rendered":"

\nCompetition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some fundamental assumption in market economy theory?\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Psyched out
\nJul 9th 2009 – The Economist
\nThe fewer the competitors, the harder they try<\/p>\n

WHAT relationship there is between the number of participants in a competition and the motivation of the competitors has long eluded researchers. Does the presence of a lot of rivals stimulate action or lead someone to give up hope? It is more than an academic question. Or, rather, it is a very academic question indeed, for it may affect the way that examinations are conducted if they are to be a fair test for all.<\/p>\n

To investigate the matter two behavioural researchers, Stephen Garcia at the University of Michigan and Avishalom Tor at the University of Haifa in Israel, looked at the results of the SAT university entrance examination in America in 2005. This test generates a score supposedly based on the test-taker\u2019s verbal and analytical prowess.<\/p>\n

The two researchers used data on the number of test-takers in each state of the union and the number of test-taking venues in that state to calculate the average number of test-takers per venue in the state in question. They found that test scores fell as the number of people in the examination hall increased. And they discovered that this pattern was also true for the Cognitive Reflection Test, another analytical exam.<\/p>\n

These results are intriguing, but lend themselves to more than one explanation. To find out whether they were caused by a psychological effect related to the number of perceived competitors, or were merely a consequence of the greater distraction produced by crowding more people together, Dr Garcia and Dr Tor conducted an experiment. They asked 74 university students to take a timed, easy general-knowledge quiz which they were asked to finish as quickly as possible without compromising accuracy. Each student completed the test alone, but half were told they were competing against ten other people and the other half that they were competing against 100. All were informed that those whose completion times were in the top 20% would receive $5.<\/p>\n

The results backed up the psychological hypothesis. Students who believed they were competing against only ten people finished in an average of 28.95 seconds. Those who believed they were competing against 100 averaged 33.15 seconds.<\/p>\n

Curious as to why mere belief that he was facing more competitors would alter an individual\u2019s performance, the two researchers ran a second experiment. They asked students to imagine they were running a five-kilometre race against 50 people and then against 500 (or, in half of the cases, the other way round). In both notional races the top 10% of competitors would get a $1,000 prize. The researchers told the students to rate, on a seven-point scale, how much faster than normal they would run in each notional race, with a one being slightly faster than normal and a seven being the fastest of their lives. The average value in the competition against 50 others was 5.43; in the competition against 500 it was 4.89\u2014a result consistent with the other two parts of the study.<\/p>\n

When that bit of the test was over, Dr Garcia and Dr Tor then asked the participants a series of questions commonly used by psychologists to evaluate an individual\u2019s tendency to compare himself with others in a social environment. They found that those with the highest tendency to make such comparisons had the lowest scores in the notional race against 500 others. These socially aware individuals are, as it were, looking around, assessing the situation and thinking that it is not worth trying too hard.<\/p>\n

In their report on the matter in Psychological Science, Dr Garcia and Dr Tor dub their discovery the \u201cn-effect\u201d since \u201cn\u201d represents any numerical value in mathematics. If confirmed, it may mean not only that examination halls should be kept small\u2014 or, at least, the same size for all participants so that the playing field is level\u2014but also that other competitive activities should be scaled down for best results.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some fundamental assumption in market economy theory?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"lc_iscn_info":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15],"tags":[41,497],"class_list":["post-3241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-_newsclips","tag-economist","tag-competition"],"yoast_head":"\nEncouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Encouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/horace.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/horace.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"hevangel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@horaceorg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@horaceorg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"hevangel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"hevangel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c\"},\"headline\":\"Encouraging competitiveness\",\"datePublished\":\"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":680,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c\"},\"keywords\":[\"Economist\",\"competition\"],\"articleSection\":[\"News Clips\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/\",\"name\":\"Encouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00\",\"description\":\"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/2009\\\/07\\\/19\\\/encouraging-competitiveness\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Encouraging competitiveness\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp\",\"description\":\"\u860b\u679c\u65e5\u5831\u4f5c\u8005 - \u9673\u99ac\uff1a\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u5f71\u8a55\uff0c\u52d5\u6f2b\uff0c\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u7b46\u8a18\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c\",\"name\":\"hevangel\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1\",\"width\":1313,\"height\":1259,\"caption\":\"hevangel\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/horace.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.horace.org\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/hevangel-2\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Encouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp","description":"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Encouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp","og_description":"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some","og_url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/","og_site_name":"\u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/horace.org","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/horace.org","article_published_time":"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00","author":"hevangel","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@horaceorg","twitter_site":"@horaceorg","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"hevangel","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/"},"author":{"name":"hevangel","@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c"},"headline":"Encouraging competitiveness","datePublished":"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/"},"wordCount":680,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c"},"keywords":["Economist","competition"],"articleSection":["News Clips"],"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/","url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/","name":"Encouraging competitiveness - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2009-07-19T23:20:09+00:00","description":"Competition is good, but too much competition is bad, which actually lower the performance. Can we apply the result of this research to question some","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/19\/encouraging-competitiveness\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Encouraging competitiveness"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/","name":"\u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp","description":"\u860b\u679c\u65e5\u5831\u4f5c\u8005 - \u9673\u99ac\uff1a\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u5f71\u8a55\uff0c\u52d5\u6f2b\uff0c\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u7b46\u8a18","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8d9e8e7a71d343b4b2c4ef4365cdb4c","name":"hevangel","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1","width":1313,"height":1259,"caption":"hevangel"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/spocky.jpg?fit=1313%2C1259&ssl=1"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.horace.org","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/horace.org"],"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/author\/hevangel-2\/"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pwn21-Qh","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3108,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/06\/17\/whats-mine-is-yours\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":0},"title":"What’s mine is yours","author":"hevangel","date":"June 17, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"The spirit of intellectual property law is to promote innovations, not to maximize the profit of the copyright holder. For those believe Nintendo owns the copyright of The letter M caps, such that poor little girl should not be allowed to make the caps. Do they think TV schedule is\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":459,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/07\/19\/outsource\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":1},"title":"Outsource","author":"hevangel","date":"July 19, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"I had a drink with a friend coming back from Toronto tonight. He moved to Toronto a few years ago when his company closed down the Vancouver office, outsource all the work to China. He told me that his company is going to close the research and developement center in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3397,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/09\/03\/the-unkindest-cuts\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":2},"title":"The unkindest cuts","author":"hevangel","date":"September 3, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"I think EU's anti-trust ruling against Intel is wrong. A few years ago, AMD have a really good chance fighting Intel but it flopped and missed a technology cycle. It's CPU is slower and less powerful than Intel's. AMD can't cry unfair and ask government step in to punish Intel\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1676,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2008\/01\/20\/clip-mao-and-the-art-of-management\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":3},"title":"Mao and the art of management","author":"hevangel","date":"January 20, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"This is a fun article to read.\u00a0 A guide on how to rule like a dictator in the corporate world. Dec 19th 2007 From The Economist print edition A role model, of sorts Books on management tend to define success in the broadest possible terms\u2014great product, happy employees, continuous improvement,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":" ","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.economist.com\/images\/20071222\/5107ME1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4832,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/08\/25\/ipsc-training\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":4},"title":"IPSC training","author":"hevangel","date":"August 25, 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"There are many competition events in shooting sports. The Olympics Games has .22 rifle and .22 handgun, trap and skeet shotguns. The marksman in Olympics shoots from static position on paper target or flying clays, which is very different from real-life combat scenario. In contrary, the IPSC (International Practical Shooting\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4579,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/07\/05\/%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e5%8a%9f%e8%aa%b2-does-natural-selection-explain-why-you-and-i-have-opposable-thumbs\/","url_meta":{"origin":3241,"position":5},"title":"\u54f2\u5b78\u529f\u8ab2: Does natural selection explain why you and I have opposable thumbs?","author":"hevangel","date":"July 5, 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u591a\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u554f\u984c\ufe50\u662f\u9054\u723e\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7269\u7af6\u5929\u64c7\u9069\u8005\u751f\u8005\u9019\u500b\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\ufe50\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u7269\u7a2e\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u5316\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u7279\u8cea\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u7528\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\ufe50\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u59c6\u6307\u662f\u5f9e\u4f55\u9032\u5316\u800c\u4f86\u5462\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Sober\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u7269\u7a2e\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u5316\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u7279\u8cea\u3002\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u89e3\u8b80\ufe50\u53bb\u89e3\u91cb\u6c92\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u7279\u8cea\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d55\u7a2e\u3002\u7269\u7a2e\u5f9e\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u8b8a\u7522\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7279\u8cea\ufe50\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6dd8\u6c70\u4e86\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\ufe50\u5269\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4fbf\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e26\u7e41\u6b96\u5f8c\u4ee3\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Neander\u5247\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u53cd\u8aaa\u6cd5\ufe50\u8aaa\u56e0\u70ba\u57fa\u56e0\u8f49\u8b8a\u6709\u7d2f\u7a4d\u6027\ufe50\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u7269\u7a2e\u57fa\u56e0\u7279\u8cea\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u9019\u500b\u722d\u8b70\u6709\u9ede\u7121\u804a\ufe50\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u96d9\u65b9\u5728\u54ac\u6587\u56bc\u5b57\ufe50\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6c92\u6709\u5171\u8b58\ufe50\u624d\u6703\u6709\u9019\u500b\u6709\u9ede\u725b\u982d\u4e0d\u5c0d\u99ac\u5634\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 Does natural selection explain why you and I have opposable thumbs? In the debate between negative and positive natural selection, Sober argues that natural selection does not contribute to the existence of individual traits within the population. Neander argues that the cumulative natural selection process shapes the genetic properties\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3241"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3241\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}