{"id":3756,"date":"2009-11-12T02:07:40","date_gmt":"2009-11-12T10:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=3756"},"modified":"2009-11-12T02:07:40","modified_gmt":"2009-11-12T10:07:40","slug":"cheaper-desalination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/11\/12\/cheaper-desalination\/","title":{"rendered":"Cheaper desalination"},"content":{"rendered":"

\nIf the theory works and it can scale up, the one technology that solves world’s water problem, save the environment could very well comes from SFU, Vancouver. It would very neat if Vancouver turns out to be world’s water-tech center.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Oct 29th 2009, The Economist
\nA fresh way to take the salt out of seawater<\/p>\n

THERE is a lot of water on Earth, but more than 97% of it is salty and over half of the remainder is frozen at the poles or in glaciers. Meanwhile, around a fifth of the world\u2019s population suffers from a shortage of drinking water and that fraction is expected to grow. One answer is desalination\u2014but it is an expensive answer because it requires a lot of energy. Now, though, a pair of Canadian engineers have come up with an ingenious way of using the heat of the sun to drive the process. Such heat, in many places that have a shortage of fresh water, is one thing that is in abundant supply.<\/p>\n

Ben Sparrow and Joshua Zoshi met at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, while completing their MBAs. Their company, Saltworks Technologies, has set up a test plant beside the sea in Vancouver and will open for business in November.<\/p>\n

Existing desalination plants work in one of two ways. Some distil seawater by heating it up to evaporate part of it. They then condense the vapour\u2014a process that requires electricity. The other plants use reverse osmosis. This employs high-pressure pumps to force the water from brine through a membrane that is impermeable to salt. That, too, needs electricity. Even the best reverse-osmosis plants require 3.7 kilowatt hours (kWh) of energy to produce 1,000 litres of drinking water.<\/p>\n

Mr Sparrow and Mr Zoshi, by contrast, reckon they can produce that much fresh water with less than 1 kWh of electricity, and no other paid-for source of power is needed. Their process is fuelled by concentration gradients of salinity between different vessels of brine. These different salinities are brought about by evaporation.<\/p>\n

The process begins by spraying seawater into a shallow, black-bottomed pond, where it absorbs heat from the atmosphere. The resulting evaporation increases the concentration of salt in the water from its natural level of 3.5% to as much as 20%. Low-pressure pumps are then used to pipe this concentrated seawater, along with three other streams of untreated seawater, into the desalting unit. As the diagram explains, what Mr Sparrow and Mr Zoshi create by doing this is a type of electrical circuit. Instead of electrons carrying the current, though, it is carried by electrically charged atoms called ions.<\/p>\n

Salt is made of two ions: positively charged sodium and negatively charged chloride. These flow in opposite directions around the circuit. Each of the four streams of water is connected to two neighbours by what are known as ion bridges. These are pathways made of polystyrene that has been treated so it will allow the passage of only one sort of ion\u2014either sodium or chloride. Sodium and chloride ions pass out of the concentrated solution to the neighbouring weak ones by diffusion though these bridges (any chemical will diffuse from a high to a low concentration in this way). The trick is that as they do so, they make the low-concentration streams of water electrically charged. The one that is positive, because it has too much sodium, thus draws chloride ions from the stream that is to be purified. Meanwhile, the negative, chloride-rich stream draws in sodium ions. The result is that the fourth stream is stripped of its ions and emerges pure and fresh.<\/p>\n

It is a simple idea that could be built equally well on a grand scale or as rooftop units the size of refrigerators. Of course, a lot of clever engineering is involved to make it work, but the low pressure of the pumps needed (in contradistinction to those employed in reverse osmosis) means the brine can be transported through plastic pipes rather than steel ones. Since brine is corrosive to steel, that is another advantage of Mr Sparrow\u2019s and Mr Zoshi\u2019s technology. Moreover, the only electricity needed is the small amount required to pump the streams of water through the apparatus. All the rest of the energy has come free, via the air, from the sun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If the theory works and it can scale up, the one technology that solves world’s water problem, save the environment could very well comes from SFU, Vancouver. It would very neat if Vancouver turns out to be world’s water-tech center.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"lc_iscn_info":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15],"tags":[41,325],"class_list":["post-3756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-_newsclips","tag-economist","tag-water"],"yoast_head":"\nCheaper desalination - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"If the theory works and it can scale up, the one technology that solves world's water problem, save the environment could very well comes from SFU,\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/11\/12\/cheaper-desalination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cheaper desalination - 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Due to heavy rain in the past few days, the reservior are contaminated.? The tap water is not drinkable and in fact it has brownish colour.? It is advised to boil and filter drinking water.? Actually, the tap water is not\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2801,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/04\/26\/water-sin-aqua-non\/","url_meta":{"origin":3756,"position":1},"title":"Water, Sin aqua non","author":"hevangel","date":"April 26, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"The 20th century is the oil century, the 21st century will be the water century. Fortunately, Canada seems won't ever run out of water. 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Mar 4th\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3446,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/09\/17\/washing-without-water\/","url_meta":{"origin":3756,"position":3},"title":"Washing without water","author":"hevangel","date":"September 17, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"There will be a new meaning to the term dry cleaning. Washing clothes using nylon beads instead of water is an interesting idea. The only question is how much the nylon beads costs. Water is pretty cheap, it is hard to beat the cost of using water? Sep 3rd 2009\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3819,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/11\/29\/the-parable-of-the-sower\/","url_meta":{"origin":3756,"position":4},"title":"The parable of the sower","author":"hevangel","date":"November 29, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Monsanto is one of the few stocks actually made me some money. Well, my Monsanto stocks just became my new kitchen. I am always pro genetic modified food. I am still waiting the day that they can grow meat on tree. Nov 19th 2009, The Economist The debate over whether\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3726,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/10\/30\/biofuels-arent-really-green\/","url_meta":{"origin":3756,"position":5},"title":"Biofuels Aren’t Really Green","author":"hevangel","date":"October 30, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"We should not worry too much about environmental problems. At the end of the day, it all about energy. According to estimate, we only to cover 6% of land on Earth with solar panels to give enough energy to let everyone a life like the Americans. 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