{"id":4191,"date":"2010-05-08T06:45:47","date_gmt":"2010-05-08T14:45:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=4191"},"modified":"2015-10-28T16:09:18","modified_gmt":"2015-10-29T00:09:18","slug":"guns-germs-and-steel-jared-diamond","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/05\/08\/guns-germs-and-steel-jared-diamond\/","title":{"rendered":"Guns, Germs and Steel &#8211; Jared Diamond"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/guns-germs-and-steel.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"4192\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/05\/08\/guns-germs-and-steel-jared-diamond\/guns-germs-and-steel\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/guns-germs-and-steel.jpg?fit=454%2C700&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"454,700\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"guns-germs-and-steel\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/guns-germs-and-steel.jpg?fit=454%2C700&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/guns-germs-and-steel-194x300.jpg?resize=194%2C300\" alt=\"\" title=\"guns-germs-and-steel\" width=\"194\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-4192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/guns-germs-and-steel.jpg?resize=194%2C300&amp;ssl=1 194w, 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\u6dfa\u7da0\u7684\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u672c\u9053\u5fb7\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u624d\u6709\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u53ea\u6709\u529f\u7528\u50f9\u508e\u3002\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u8cc7\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u74b0\u4fdd\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u767c\u5c55\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u6551\u751f\u8239\u8ad6(Lifeboat Ethic)\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u8258\u592a\u7a7a\u8239\uff0c\u5176\u7dad\u751f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6709\u7269\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u9650\u5236\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u6700\u70ba\u5927\u773e\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u8003\u616e\u4eba\u985e\u5229\u76ca\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u771f\u4fdd\u8b77\u74b0\u5883\u3002 \u4e2d\u7da0\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u4ec7\u820a\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u4e3b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u628a\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\u64f4\u5927\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u52d5\u7269\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002Peter Singer\u4ee5\u5f8c\u679c\u8ad6\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u904b\u52d5(Animal Liberation)\uff0c\u628a\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5165\u8a08\u7b97\u529f\u7528\u5167\u3002Tom Regan\u4ee5\u8cac\u4efb\u8ad6\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9(Animal Rights)\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u96bb\u52d5\u7269\u4e5f\u6709\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u3002Paul Taylor\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8ad6(Biocentrism)\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u690d\u751f\u547d\u7f6e\u65bc\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u7f6e\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 \u6df1\u7da0\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u6dfa\u7da0\u548c\u4e2d\u7da0\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u5f9e\u500b\u9ad4\u5c64\u9762\u8df3\u5347\u5230\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u7269\u548c\u6b7b\u7269\u3002\u7576\u74b0\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u9055\u6642\uff0c\u5bb9\u8a31\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u985e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7d39\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6df1\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a \u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406(Land Ethic)\u628a\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u6c34\uff0c\u52d5\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u7d71\u7d71\u7d66\u8209\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8996\u70ba\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5fc5\u9700\u80fd\u5920\u4fdd\u5b58\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u96b1\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u7f8e\u9e97\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4fbf\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406\u5927\u5927\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u59a8\u7919\u4eba\u985e\u4f7f\u7528\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002 \u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6(Gaia Theory)\u8a8d\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8d85\u7d1a\u751f\u547d\u9ad4\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u5730\u7403\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb3\u87f2\uff0c\u7576\u5730\u7403\u53d7\u5920\u4eba\u985e\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u64ca\uff0c\u8b93\u751f\u614b\u56de\u8986\u6b63\u5e38\u3002\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6\u6c92\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u84cb\u4e9e\u4fbf\u662f\u5e0c\u81d8\u795e\u8a71\u4e2d\u5927\u5730\u4e4b\u795e\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406\u5167\u5bb9\u592a\u904e\u7a7a\u6cdb\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6307\u70ba\u7da0\u8272\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u5730\u7403\u70ba\u540d\u7fa9\u4fb5\u72af\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6b0a\u5229\u3002 \u6df1\u74b0\u5883\u8ad6(Deep Ecology)\u8a8d\u70ba\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u7269\u6709\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u53ea\u8981\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u529f\u7528\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u53bb\u6e1b\u5c11\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u985e\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8b8a\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u9010\u6f38\u5c11\u4eba\u53e3\u6578\u76ee\uff0c\u8b93\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u6df1\u74b0\u5883\u8ad6\u9084\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7d00\u5143\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u8981\u5f9e\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u53bb\u6539\u8b8a\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u5011\u660e\u767d\u74b0\u5883\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u9023\u63a5\u5230\u74b0\u5883\u4e0a\u3002 \u6df1\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6(Deep Green Theory)\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cc\u99d5\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9664\u4e86\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u9858\u6027\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u4e5f\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u6539\u8b8a\u3002 \u5de6\u7ffc\u751f\u614b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9(Left Biocentrism)\u540c\u6642\u5426\u5b9a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u7686\u662f\u5de5\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u9ad4\u5169\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u628a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u63a8\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u90e8\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u525d\u524a\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u904e\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53cd\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8a8d\u70ba\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7406\u8ad6\u9084\u662f\u4eba\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u50b7\u5bb3\u74b0\u5883\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u793e\u5340\u6216\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4eba\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6551\u8b22\u8eca\u6551\u4eba\u662f\u597d\uff0c\u5766\u514b\u8eca\u6bba\u4eba\u662f\u58de\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5766\u514b\u8eca\u548c\u6551\u8b22\u8eca\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58de\u3002 \u5730\u7403\u5ba3\u8a00(The Earth Manifesto)\u662f\u500b\u5927\u96dc\u71f4\uff0c\u628a\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u884c\u52d5\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u9084\u9806\u624b\u52a0\u5165\u6ec5\u8ca7\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5730\u7403\u5ba3\u8a00\u597d\u807d\u662f\u597d\u807d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6d41\u65bc\u4e0d\u5207\u5be6\u969b\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6709\u885d\u7a81\u6642\uff0c\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002 \u74b0\u5883\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9(Ecofeminsim)\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7533\u5ef6\u81f3\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0a\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u722d\u8faf\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u7528\u611f\u60c5\u53bb\u611f\u53d7\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u3002\u4e0d\u8ac7\u8cac\u4efb\u6216\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u8981\u50cf\u6bcd\u89aa\u822c\u628a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u597d\u597d\u7684\u7167\u9867\u3002 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&quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/1030669-191x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4523,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/08\/06\/language-matters-laurie-bauer-janet-holmes-and-paulwarren\/","url_meta":{"origin":4191,"position":2},"title":"Language Matters &#8211; Laurie Bauer, Janet Holmes and PaulWarren","author":"hevangel","date":"August 6, 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"\u6211\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7fd2\u6163\ufe50\u4fbf\u662f\u6bcf\u6b21\u5b78\u671f\u958b\u59cb\ufe50\u53bb\u5927\u5b78\u66f8\u5e97\u8cb7\u8ab2\u672c\u6642\ufe50\u7e3d\u6703\u7ffb\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u76ee\u7684\u8ab2\u672c\ufe50\u770b\u770b\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u66f8\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5b78\u671f\u901b\u66f8\u5e97\ufe50\u4fbf\u9806\u624b\u8cb7\u4e86\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u4e00\u5e74\u7d1a\u7684\u8ab2\u672c\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u60f3\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e00\u9580\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u9580\u5916\u6f22\ufe50\u95b1\u8b80\u5927\u5b78\u4e00\u5e74\u7d1a\u8ab2\u672c\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u574a\u9593\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8b80\u7269\u512a\u52a3\u53c3\u5dee\ufe50\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u540d\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u66a2\u92b7\u66f8\u85c9\ufe50\u4ea6\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u52a0\u5165\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u504f\u898b\ufe50\u4e0d\u5229\u521d\u5b78\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u80af\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u7d1a\u8ab2\u672c\u4f5c\u70ba\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u5165\u9580\u8b80\u7269\ufe50\u5167\u5bb9\u591a\u6578\u5beb\u5f97\u56db\u5e73\u516b\u7a69\ufe50\u6dfa\u767d\u5730\u8b1b\u89e3\u5b78\u79d1\u4e2d\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u8b70\u984c\ufe50\u7d04\u7565\u77e5\u9053\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\ufe50\u597d\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u81ea\u884c\u6309\u53c3\u8003\u66f8\u76ee\u548c\u8da3\u8208\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002 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