{"id":4279,"date":"2010-04-28T20:24:35","date_gmt":"2010-04-29T04:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=4279"},"modified":"2010-04-28T20:24:35","modified_gmt":"2010-04-29T04:24:35","slug":"the-long-haul-degree","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2010\/04\/28\/the-long-haul-degree\/","title":{"rendered":"The Long-Haul Degree"},"content":{"rendered":"

\nI couldn’t but thinking problem of humanities is the lack of demand of humanities Ph.D. Other than university or community college, who has the need to hire an specialized educated humanities Ph.D.? Maybe the market is the solution, let the humanities graduate program shrink according to market demand. Maybe we will have a lot less humanities Ph.D and some department won’t survive, but it will better for the school (financial)and for the graduates (less competition, easier to find job)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

By PATRICIA COHEN, NY Times, April 8, 2010<\/p>\n

Law students get a diploma in three years. Medical students receive an M.D. in four. But for graduate students in the humanities, it takes, on average, more than nine years to complete a degree. What some of those Ph.D. recipients may not realize is that they could spend another nine years, or more, looking for a tenure-track teaching job at a college or university \u2014 without ever finding one.
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\nEducation Life<\/p>\n

As the recession has downsized university endowments and departments, the sense of crisis that has surrounded graduate education for more than a decade has sharpened. \u201cWhat\u2019s worse than desperate?\u201d asks William Pannapacker, an associate professor of English at Hope College, in Michigan, who writes a column for The Chronicle of Higher Education under the name Thomas H. Benton.<\/p>\n

A graduate-school Cassandra, Dr. Pannapacker calls the graduate apprenticeship system bankrupt and warns students against the heartbreak of pursuing a Ph.D. While finishing his own degree in American civilization at Harvard in 1999 (another difficult job year), he helped organize a protest at the annual meeting of the Modern Language Association, an organization of scholars and professors of language and literature.<\/p>\n

On a large reproduction of Goya\u2019s bloody painting \u201cSaturn Devouring His Son,\u201d he wrote, \u201cEnjoying your apprenticeship yet?\u201d<\/p>\n

First- and second-year Ph.D. students in, say, English literature may not face the same aching course load or backstabbing competition as their friends in medical and law schools, but they have a longer haul ahead. Doctoral students are expected not only to master a wide swath of material to pass general and oral exams, but to produce a nearly book-length dissertation of original research that, depending on the subject, may ultimately sit on a shelf as undisturbed as the Epsom salts at the back of the medicine chest. These students must earn their keep by patching together a mix of grants and wages for helping to teach undergraduate courses \u2014 a job that eats into research time. Third-year medical students may be bleary eyed from hospital rotations, but at least the work goes toward their degree.<\/p>\n

This system of financing is partly responsible for the absurdly long time it can take to get a degree in the humanities, says Debra W. Stewart, president of the Council of Graduate Schools. In many countries, the government pays students to complete Ph.D.\u2019s within a certain time frame, perhaps three or four years.<\/p>\n

In the United States, given that most students take time off, nearly a dozen years can pass between receiving a B.A. and Ph.D. About half who enter a humanities doctoral program drop out along the way. The average student receiving a Ph.D. today is 35 years old, $23,000 in debt and facing a historically bad job market. Adjunct jobs \u2014 with year-to-year contracts, no benefits and no security \u2014 may be the only option.<\/p>\n

Louis Menand, an English professor at Harvard and another longtime critic of the Ph.D. production process, notes: \u201cLives are warped because of the length and uncertainty of the doctoral education process.\u201d In his new book, \u201cThe Marketplace of Ideas,\u201d he writes, \u201cPut in less personal terms, there is a huge social inefficiency in taking people of high intelligence and devoting resources to training them in programs that half will never complete and for jobs that most will not get.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the spring issue of the Modern Language Association\u2019s newsletter, Sidonie Smith, an English professor at the University of Michigan and president of the organization, resuscitated a proposal that had been swirling around blue-ribbon task forces and educational panels for years: to broaden the range of research options beyond the classic dissertation to include already-published peer-reviewed essays, research portfolios and digital publications and presentations. Aside from shortening the Ph.D. process, she argues, this would make scholarship less arcane and more relevant.<\/p>\n

Despite high-level support for reform, educators say that wholesale change is not likely any time soon. For one, any meaningful transformation in doctoral requirements must be adopted universally, says Richard Wheeler, interim vice chancellor for academic affairs and former dean of the graduate college at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Who would want to attend a program that another university \u2014 and potential employer \u2014 doesn\u2019t recognize as valid? \u201cIt hasn\u2019t reached enough of a crisis point yet,\u201d Dr. Wheeler says.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s very hard to get through the graduate student experience,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n

The union of graduate students at Illinois staged a brief strike in November over guarantees that their tuition would be waived. Dr. Wheeler attributes the protest to general discontent as much as specific employment issues. \u201cThere\u2019s despair, anger, frustration,\u201d he says. \u201cA lot of people are unhappy.\u201d <\/p>\n

Dr. Wheeler, who received his English Ph.D. in 1969, took four years to finish. Graduate programs have since added more stringent requirements, he says, and expectations for what a degree holder is supposed to have accomplished have radically increased. He had not published anything when he was hired; today, applicants are expected to have a list of published research on their r\u00e9sum\u00e9s.
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\nEducation Life<\/p>\n

The job problem has been brewing for years. In 1989, William G. Bowen and Julie Ann Sosa issued a widely publicized report that forecast a huge turnover in faculty and suggested the creation of a federal program to increase humanities and social sciences Ph.D.\u2019s. Many students \u2014 Dr. Pannapacker included \u2014 took that advice to heart. Ph.D. production in English and American language and literature grew 61 percent between 1987 and 1995; history Ph.D.\u2019s rose by 51 percent.<\/p>\n

By the late 1990s, though, the spanking-new degree candidates discovered just how mistaken the Bowen-Sosa report was. The end of mandatory retirement and the increase in the use of part-time and adjunct faculty meant there were many more exceptionally qualified job seekers than jobs. The current recession has only exacerbated the problem, with many institutions imposing hiring freezes or layoffs. The M.L.A., for example, reported that its total job listings dropped by a quarter in the 2008-2009 academic year, the largest single-year decline in the 34 years that the organization has been doing job counts. And these numbers don\u2019t include postings that were subsequently canceled because of budget cuts.<\/p>\n

At the same time, the practice of hiring off-tenure teachers is growing. According to a new survey of humanities departments by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, half of the faculty members in English and foreign languages \u2014 more than any other department \u2014 are not on a tenure track. Part of the reason for the large number is that freshman composition classes, which are often required, are taught by those departments, and adjuncts.<\/p>\n

Unlike in life science or engineering, the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the humanities \u2014 the pool of fields that generally include languages, history, philosophy, music, drama and archeology \u2014 has actually dipped in the last few years, with 4,722 recipients in 2008 (down from 5,112 in 2007), according to the National Science Foundation.<\/p>\n

But more than a third of those degree-holders had no definite job (part or full time, off or on a tenure track) or any postdoctoral study commitment.<\/p>\n

The number of degrees may dip further. Some major universities, including Harvard, Princeton, the University of Chicago, Emory and Northwestern, reduced the number of doctoral students in the humanities and social sciences they admitted this past year. Much more radical cuts would be required to bring the supply of graduates and the demand for them into balance, and that would be a solution that stirs up its own problems. If enrollment drops too low, there may not be enough students to justify courses in specialized areas.<\/p>\n

Other practical reasons exist for resisting reductions. Doctoral programs bring prestige to a university and help retain faculty members who want to mentor the next generation of scholars. They also provide the staff for courses offered to first- and second-year undergraduates \u2014 a task many tenured faculty members resist. Even graduate students on full scholarships are cheap labor if they are teaching enough tuition-paying undergraduates.<\/p>\n

Dr. Wheeler would like to reverse that practice, at least. \u201cPutting as many faculty in front of undergraduates as possible,\u201d he says, would not only improve the quality of education but would also increase the demand for more tenured faculty members over time.<\/p>\n

Funding to hire the professors in the first place has to be there, however.<\/p>\n

Dr. Pannapacker has rebuked graduate schools for perpetuating a culture in which unattainable academic careers are portrayed as the only worthwhile goal, and for failing to level with students about their true prospects. With more transparency \u2014 if every graduate program published its attrition rate, average debt of its students, time to completion, and what kind of job its graduates got \u2014 undergraduates, he says, could make more-informed choices.<\/p>\n

\u201cAcademe encourages students to think of what they\u2019re doing as a special kind of calling or vocation which is exempt from the rules of the marketplace,\u201d he says. Those who look to work outside the scholarly world are seen as rejecting the academy\u2019s core values. \u201cThey socialize students into believing they can\u2019t leave academe or shouldn\u2019t, which is why they hang on year after year as adjuncts, rather than pursue alternative careers.\u201d<\/p>\n

A bad job market, too, tempts graduate students to stay even longer, since being out on the job circuit for more than a year tends to taint candidates.<\/p>\n

As the number of tenure-track jobs shrink, Ms. Stewart of the Council of Graduate Schools says, the profession needs to address these failings.<\/p>\n

\u201cHumanities Ph.D.\u2019s have focused exclusively on the academic job market,\u201d Ms. Stewart says. \u201cThey don\u2019t have anyplace else to go, or they don\u2019t perceive that they have anyplace else to go.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I couldn’t but thinking problem of humanities is the lack of demand of humanities Ph.D. Other than university or community college, who has the need to hire an specialized educated humanities Ph.D.? Maybe the market is the solution, let the humanities graduate program shrink according to market demand. Maybe we will have a lot less … Continue reading The Long-Haul Degree<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"lc_iscn_info":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15],"tags":[234,611],"class_list":["post-4279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-_newsclips","tag-education","tag-ny-times"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Long-Haul Degree - 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Congradulations! This year, I have two friends graduating from their doctoral degree. Dr. So I know back in Lasalle and this friend. Both of them do research in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":423,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/06\/07\/convocation\/","url_meta":{"origin":4279,"position":1},"title":"Convocation","author":"hevangel","date":"June 7, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Today is the convocation of my master degree. The convocation ceremony is as boring as the undergrad ones. This time, I got more stage time as a master student, unlike the undergrads has to pipeline through the stage. The Ph.D. studetns got most stage time, the dean put on hoods\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3299,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/31\/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-quants\/","url_meta":{"origin":4279,"position":2},"title":"The Rise and Fall of the Quants","author":"hevangel","date":"July 31, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"The best career for Engineering, Math and Physics Ph.D. are in the wall street. Maybe studying hard science would become back in fashion again with the potential reward. It is just odd that those who want to earn quick money in finance have the will to earn a hard science\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "News Clips"","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":304,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/01\/25\/post-baccalaureate\/","url_meta":{"origin":4279,"position":3},"title":"post baccalaureate","author":"hevangel","date":"January 25, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"In order to take courses in SFU, one must register in an acedemic program, either credit or non-credit. Since I am looking into what to study after my M.Eng degree, I need to register into a program. Having a ph.d. is one of my goal, but probably not in the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3202,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/07\/07\/what-is-management\/","url_meta":{"origin":4279,"position":4},"title":"What is management","author":"hevangel","date":"July 7, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"This is the third speech in the humorously speaking manual. The objective of the speech is to use jokes in the speech, open and close the speech with a funny story. Dear chairman, fellow toastmasters, honored guests. A big engineering firm outsourced to Africa and hired four cannibals. On the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":31,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2005\/03\/15\/brainstorm\/","url_meta":{"origin":4279,"position":5},"title":"brainstorm","author":"hevangel","date":"March 15, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Today during lunch, some colleagues sitting in my aisle had a brainstroming section on new product ideas. It originated from a chit-chat last week that we all concluded the company has no good ideas on future product. We had limited the ideas to CMOS chips, probably with a processor core.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Daily Scribble"","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4279"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4280,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4279\/revisions\/4280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}