{"id":6265,"date":"2012-02-26T21:43:12","date_gmt":"2012-02-27T05:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=6265"},"modified":"2012-02-26T22:02:13","modified_gmt":"2012-02-27T06:02:13","slug":"whales-are-people-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2012\/02\/26\/whales-are-people-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Whales are people, too"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>\nI strongly against animal right because they are not human.  However, my ethical theory is based on self reflective intelligent beings and Kantian rational moral contract.  According to my ethical theory, since cetacean has near human intelligent, human should grant cetaceans individual right that close to human rights.  On the other hand, other non-intelligent animals should only have species right.  As long as the species are not going to extinct, human can use the animals as resources to server human.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A declaration of the rights of cetaceans<br \/>\nFeb 25th 2012, the Economist<\/p>\n<p>THE \u201cDeclaration of the Rights of Man\u201d was a crucial step in the French revolution. The document, drafted by the Marquis de Lafayette, marked a break with the political past by proposing that everyone, however humble his birth, had certain inalienable civil rights. These were liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. Merely being a man conferred them.<\/p>\n<p>These days, such rights extend to women as well. But what if you are not human? A session on cetaceans at the AAAS meeting discussed a proposal that whales and dolphins, too, should have rights. The suggestion of the speakers was that the protections these species are afforded by human laws should be extended and recognised not as an indulgence of the human aristocracy towards the bestial peasantry, but as a right as natural as those which humans now afford, in the more civilised parts of the world, to themselves.<\/p>\n<p>The proposition that whales have rights is founded on the idea that they have a high degree of intelligence, and also have self-awareness of the sort that humans do. That is a controversial suggestion, but there is evidence to support it. Lori Marino of Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia, reviewed this evidence.<\/p>\n<p>One pertinent observation is that dolphins, whales and their kind have brains as anatomically complex as those of humans, and that these brains contain a particular type of nerve cell, known as a spindle cell, that in humans is associated with higher cognitive functions such as abstract reasoning. Cetacean brains are also, scaled appropriately for body size, almost as big as those of humans and significantly bigger than those of great apes, which are usually thought of as humanity\u2019s closest intellectual cousins.<\/p>\n<p>Whales and dolphins have complex cultures, too, which vary from group to group within a species. The way they hunt, the repertoire of vocal signals and even their use of tools differs from pod to pod. They also seem to have an awareness of themselves as individuals. At least some can, for example, recognise themselves in a mirror\u2014a trick that humans, great apes and elephants can manage, but most other species cannot.<\/p>\n<p>Thomas White, of Loyola Marymount University, in Los Angeles, then discussed the ethical implications of what Dr Marino had said. Dr White is a philosopher, and he sought to establish the idea that a person need not be human. In philosophy, he told the meeting, a person is a being with special characteristics who deserves special treatment as a result of those characteristics. In principle, other species can qualify. For the reasons outlined by Dr Marino, he claimed, cetaceans do indeed count as persons and therefore have moral rights\u2014though ones appropriate to their species, which may therefore differ from those that would be accorded a human (for example, the right not to be removed from their natural environment).<\/p>\n<p>Chris Butler-Stroud, of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, in Britain, and Kari Koski of the Whale Museum in San Juan Island, Washington state, then charted some of the hesitant steps already being taken in the direction of establishing cetacean rights. Mr Butler-Stroud showed how the language used by international bodies concerned with these animals is changing. The term \u201cstocks\u201d, for example, with its implication that whales and dolphins are a resource suitable for exploitation, is being overtaken by \u201cpopulations\u201d, a word that is also applied to people.<\/p>\n<p>Ms Koski gave an even more intriguing example. She told of how a group of killer whales that lives near Vancouver, passing between waters controlled (from a human point of view) by Canada and the United States, have acquired legal protection even though the species as a whole is not endangered. After a battle in the American courts these particular whales have been defined by their culture, and that culture is deemed endangered.<\/p>\n<p>The idea of rights for whales is certainly a provocative one, and is reminiscent of the Australian philosopher Peter Singer\u2019s proposal that human rights be extended to the great apes\u2014chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orang-utans. Like Dr Singer\u2019s suggestion, though, it does ignore one nagging technicality. The full title of the French revolutionary document was \u201cDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen\u201d. No one has yet argued for votes for whales and dolphins. But considering some of the politicians who manage to get themselves chosen by human electorates, maybe it would not be such a bad idea.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I strongly against animal right because they are not human. However, my ethical theory is based on self reflective intelligent beings and Kantian rational moral contract. According to my ethical theory, since cetacean has near human intelligent, human should grant cetaceans individual right that close to human rights. On the other hand, other non-intelligent animals &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2012\/02\/26\/whales-are-people-too\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Whales are people, too<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"lc_iscn_info":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15],"tags":[114,796],"class_list":["post-6265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-_newsclips","tag-ethics","tag-econmist"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Whales are people, too - \u54f2\u5b50\u6232 Philosophist\u2019s Camp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"I strongly against animal right because they are not human. 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In this paper, I will examine Regan\u2019s argument and show the rights theory cannot lead to the conclusion that it is morally\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1643,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2007\/12\/11\/%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e5%8a%9f%e8%aa%b2%ef%b9%95%e5%8b%95%e7%89%a9%e6%ac%8a%e7%9b%8a%e8%88%87%e7%b4%a0%e9%a3%9f\/","url_meta":{"origin":6265,"position":1},"title":"\u54f2\u5b78\u529f\u8ab2\ufe55\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u76ca\u8207\u7d20\u98df Do we have a moral duty to become vegetarians?","author":"hevangel","date":"December 11, 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\u7d20\u98df\u4e3b\u8089\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5403\u8089\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\ufe50\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5f9e\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u5165\u624b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u63a8\u8ad6\u662fPeter Singer\u7684\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0e\u81f4\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u6bba\u751f\u5403\u8089\u6216\u4f5c\u52d5\u7269\u5be6\u9a57\u6703\u4ee4\u5230\u52d5\u7269\u75db\u82e6\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u5403\u8089\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u63a8\u8ad6\u662fTom Regan\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\ufe50\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e5f\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\ufe50\u6bba\u751f\u5403\u8089\u7b49\u540c\u4fb5\u72af\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u5229\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u5403\u8089\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u5169\u500b\u63a8\u8ad6\u4e4d\u770b\u597d\u50cf\u8a00\u4e4b\u6210\u7406\ufe50\u4f46\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u5167\u5728\u554f\u984c\u3002Singer\u7684\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ea\u554f\u7d50\u679c\ufe50\u4e0d\u554f\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4ee4\u5230\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u591a\u5feb\u6a02\ufe50\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5bb9\u8a31\u70ba\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\ufe50\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u5b9a\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u611f\u5230\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u548c\u75db\u82e6\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\ufe50\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u52d5\u7269\u80fd\u5920\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u540c\u6a23\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u6216\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u6c92\u6709\u601d\u8003\u7684\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u4e0d\u80fd\u660e\u767d\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u5feb\u6a02\u548c\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u62bd\u50cf\u6168\u5ff5\ufe50\u53ea\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u75db\u3002\u7576\u8a08\u7b97\u529f\u7528\u6210\u672c\u6642\ufe50\u4eba\u985e\u5403\u8089\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\ufe50\u7528\u52d5\u7269\u505a\u5be6\u9a57\u9020\u798f\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\ufe50\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u51fa\u52d5\u7269\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u75db\u82e6\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u72a7\u7272\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0d\u9867\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5982John Stuart Mills\ufe50\u6216\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b78\u5982\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\ufe50\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u985e\u601d\u60f3\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\ufe50\u8f15\u8996\u52d5\u7269\u822c\u7684\u8089\u9ad4\u4eab\u53d7\u6216\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u56e0\u4e9b\u5728\u8a08\u7b97\u529f\u7528\u6642\ufe50\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8003\u616e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u611f\u53d7\ufe50\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u7406\u6703\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u4f4e\u7b49\u611f\u53d7\u3002 Regan\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u5229\u9019\u53e5\u9673\u8ff0\ufe50\u662f\u53e5\u5f9e\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u5192\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u65b7\u8a00\ufe50\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u63a8\u8ad6\u53bb\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u72af\u4e86\u4e5e\u6c42\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u8b2c\u8aa4\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u6bba\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u55ae\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bba\u4eba\ufe50\u9084\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u9632\u6b62\u6bba\u4eba\ufe50\u4f8b\u5982\u8a2d\u7acb\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u6cd5\u9662\ufe50\u53bb\u61f2\u7f70\u6bba\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u52d5\u7269\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\ufe50\u6bba\u52d5\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6bcf\u5929\u975e\u6d32\u8349\u539f\u4e0a\ufe50\u7345\u5b50\u8001\u864e\u7375\u6bba\u73ed\u99ac\u91ce\u9e7f\ufe50\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u72af\u4e0b\u8b00\u6bba\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\ufe50\u4eba\u985e\u5c31\u8981\u5e72\u9810\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u898f\u5f8b\ufe50\u4ee4\u5230\u6709\u8089\u98df\u52d5\u7269\u7d55\u7a2e\u3002\u7576\u7136\u9019\u505a\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5207\u5be6\u969b\ufe50\u66f4\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u751f\u614b\u5927\u707d\u96e3\ufe50\u8db3\u4ee5\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u52d5\u7269\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7d04\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7d04\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u6c92\u6709\u601d\u8003\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\ufe50\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7d04\u8ce6\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u64c1\u6709\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\ufe50\u52d5\u7269\u5247\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u53ea\u6709\u529f\u7528\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u7576\u7136\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u5584\u7528\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u7834\u58de\u751f\u614b\u6700\u7d42\u53d7\u5bb3\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5927\u524d\u984c\u4e0b\ufe50\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 Do we have a moral duty to become vegetarians? The supporters of animal rights often argue that it is wrong for us to eat meat. They claim that we have a moral duty to become vegetarians. There are two major arguments commonly\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2631,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/04\/18\/religion-human-rights-and-the-meaning-of-freedom\/","url_meta":{"origin":6265,"position":2},"title":"Religion, human rights and the meaning of freedom","author":"hevangel","date":"April 18, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Defaming is to falsely accuse against something, but religion matters can not be proved true or false.\u00a0 Therefore, in theory no one can defame religions.\u00a0 Moreover, it is our basic human rights to criticize some stupid or evil religions. Apr 2nd 2009 From The Economist print edition Why freedom of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News Clips&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3831,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/12\/09\/peta-bunnies-protest-fur-industry-in-bikinis\/","url_meta":{"origin":6265,"position":3},"title":"PETA bunnies protest fur industry in bikinis","author":"hevangel","date":"December 9, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Only animals should wear fur? Technically speaking, human is animal, so what's wrong for human to wear fur? 12\/7\/2009, News 680 When the mercury dips below -20 C, one wouldn't expect to find two bikini-clad protesters in downtown Edmonton. But, that was the case Monday. Kristina Addington works with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News Clips&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/12\/IMG_0180.JPG?fit=500%2C535&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2958,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/05\/20\/animal-welfare-catheter-and-mouse\/","url_meta":{"origin":6265,"position":4},"title":"Animal welfare, Catheter and mouse","author":"hevangel","date":"May 20, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Human first, animal second. It is acceptable to regulate animal experiment for better efficiency, but we should not stop animal experiment because animal suffers, as long as it brings benefits to mankind. May 7th 2009 From The Economist print edition Sharing information on failed animal experiments would help both scientists\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News Clips&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News Clips","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_reference\/_newsclips\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2189,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2009\/03\/07\/we-are-what-we-eat\/","url_meta":{"origin":6265,"position":5},"title":"We are what we eat","author":"hevangel","date":"March 7, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"I thought vegetarians who don't eat meat are quite out of their mind. Then I met believers of Jainism who not only don't eat meat, but also don't eat any animal product like milk, honey or egg. Then I met the some weirdo who don't eat any cooked or processed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Daily Scribble&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Daily Scribble","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_scribble\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6265"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6267,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6265\/revisions\/6267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}