{"id":636,"date":"2006-12-20T19:10:08","date_gmt":"2006-12-21T03:10:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=636"},"modified":"2015-10-29T00:15:57","modified_gmt":"2015-10-29T08:15:57","slug":"%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e5%8a%9f%e7%94%a8%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-utilitariainsim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e5%8a%9f%e7%94%a8%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-utilitariainsim\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6dfa\u8ad6\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Utilitariainsim)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"postbody\">\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5c0d\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\ufe50\u59a8\u5ffd\u8ac7\u529f\u7528\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u773e\u591a\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4e00\ufe50\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\ufe50\u4f55\u8b02\u5c0d\u4f55\u8b02\u932f\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6John Stuart 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\u5fb7\u884c\u8ad6\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u597d\u50cf\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u8faf\u5584\u60e1\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\u3002\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\ufe50\u5982\u4f55\u5283\u5206\u597d\u58de\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u754c\u7dda\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6bba\u662f\u6975\u7aef\ufe50\u898b\u4e00\u500b\u6bba\u4e00\u500b\u4e5f\u662f\u6975\u7aef\ufe50\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6bba\u4e00\u534a\u4eba\ufe56","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/12\/51ys3xyforl_ss500_.jpg?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":638,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e6%96%b0%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-libertarianism\/","url_meta":{"origin":636,"position":1},"title":"\u6dfa\u8ad6\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Libertarianism)","author":"hevangel","date":"December 20, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u6216\u8005\u7528\u516c\u5e73\u70ba\u540d\u53bb\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9(Capitalsim)\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u96d6\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\ufe50\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u63a8\u8ad6\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u6700\u591a\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6700\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u4fbf\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u8150\u5316\ufe50Fedrick Hayek\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u5230\u52de\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u4e2d\ufe50\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u767c\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\ufe50\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5920\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7e7c\u7e8c\u652f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0d\u5c0d\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u82e5\u7528\u7a05\u6536\u53bb\u63a0\u596a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5f37\u8feb\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u5974\u96b8\ufe50\u6709\u9055\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002Robert Nozick\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe55 \u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6 (Entitlement Theory) \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u521d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u901a\u904e\u81ea\u9858\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u4ea4\u6613\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\ufe50\u5247\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u593e\u786c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6700\u521d\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0aNozick\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u5206\u914d\u904e\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7559\u610f\u4e00\u9ede\u662fNozick\u5c0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\ufe50\u8207Rawls\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Rawls\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u5747\u5206\ufe50Nozick\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u3002 \u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6 (Self-Ownership Argument) \u9996\u5148\u6211\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\ufe50\u4e0d\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\ufe50\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u64c1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u64c1\u6709\u7528\u6211\u7684\u6750\u5e79\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u82e5\u653f\u5e9c\u5f37\u5236\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6211\u5c31\u8981\u4ea4\u51fa\u6211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53bb\u7d66\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\ufe50\u90a3\u6a23\u6211\u5c31\u6dea\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u8ca1\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u800c\u628a\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u4e4e\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u5f37\u5236\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u5ffd\u8996\u55ae\u55ae\u6750\u5e79\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u9084\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u500b\u9ad4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u5982\u571f\u5730\u6216\u751f\u7522\u516c\u5177\u7b49\u3002\u8981\u78ba\u7acb\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u5728\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u96a8\u8457\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u548c\u670d\u52d9\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u751f\u7522\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u7522\u696d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6e1b\u5c11\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002 David 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&quot;\u54f2\u5b78&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":637,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-liberalism\/","url_meta":{"origin":636,"position":2},"title":"\u6dfa\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Liberalism)","author":"hevangel","date":"December 20, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6John Rawls\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u5728\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8208\u8d77\u81f3\u4eca\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u534a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\ufe50\u4e00\u76f4\u6df1\u53d7\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5de6\u6d3e\u793e\u904b\u4efd\u5b50\u559c\u611b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u5dee\u592a\u9060\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u908a\u5ec2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f4\u89ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u76e4\u6563\u6c99\ufe50\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e92\u76f8\u8861\u7a81\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u91d1\u79d1\u7389\u5f8b\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7d71\u53bb\u5236\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u653f\u7b56\ufe50\u65bc\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u586b\u88dc\u9019\u500b\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u5169\u5927\u6559\u689d\u5206\u5225\u662f\ufe55 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2.\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6bd4\u9700\u9075\u5b88\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6700\u4e0d\u5e78\u793e\u7fa4\u5229\u671f\u7684\u6e96\u5247\u3002\u63db\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\ufe50\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u8cc7\u6e90\u5747\u5206\ufe50\u9664\u975e\u4e0d\u5747\u5206\u914d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u6700\u5dee\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u4e5f\u6700\u53d7\u60e0\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\ufe50\u4e0a\u5c64\ufe50\u4e2d\u7522\ufe50\u57fa\u5c64\u6709\u56db\u500b\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u914d\u5b89\u6848\ufe50 A. 9, 4, 1 B. 8, 6, 2 C. 5, 4, 4 D. 3, 3, 3 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2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u6211\u500b\u5b78\u671f\u8b80\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ab2\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u5165\u9580\ufe50\u6700\u958b\u5fc3\u83ab\u904e\u65bc\u4eca\u6b21\u7684\u6210\u7e3e\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5de7\u8ab2\u53ea\u6709C-\ufe50\u4f46\u8003\u8a66\u8207\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u529f\u8ab2\u5f88\u7528\u529b\ufe50\u6700\u5f8c\u7e3d\u5206\u6709B\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9060\u5deeA\u4e00\u6bb5\u8ddd\u96e2\ufe50\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u898b\u4eba\u7684\u5206\u6578\ufe50\u8b49\u660e\u6211\u9084\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8b80\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6599\u5b50\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u8b80\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8ad6\u548c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ab2\ufe50\u5167\u5bb9\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u8da3\u4f46\u59cb\u7d42\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u62bd\u96e2\ufe50\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8b70\u984c\u4e5f\u53ea\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u5167\u7684\u98a8\u6ce2\u3002\u4eca\u6b21\u8b80\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5247\u8207\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u5207\u8eab\u95dc\u4fc2\ufe50\u5c0d\u8ab2\u984c\u6709\u6295\u5165\u611f\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5728\u8ab2\u5802\u4e2d\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u8b93\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5206\u6790\u65b0\u805e\u6642\u4e8b\u7684\u8108\u7d61\ufe50\u770b\u7a7f\u653f\u6cbb\u8a55\u8ad6\u80cc\u5f8c\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u7576\u7136\u77e3\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u653f\u6cbb\u653f\u5b78\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u63a2\u8a0e\u6b0a\u529b\ufe50\u570b\u5bb6\ufe50\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\ufe50\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5247\u63a2\u8a0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u516c\u7fa9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6a19\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u5e95\u4e0b\ufe50\u5c0d\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u9054\u5230\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9019\u9580\u8ab2\u63a1\u7528\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5b78\u8005Will 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Curry","author":"hevangel","date":"September 1, 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"\u8fd1\u5e74\u6f6e\u6d41\u8208\u74b0\u4fdd\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u8b70\u984c\u5f88\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u525b\u597d\u5927\u5b78\u958b\u8fa8\u74b0\u5883\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8ab2\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u60dc\u4e0a\u8ab2\u6642\u9593\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\uff0c\u6211\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u4fee\u8b80\u3002\u53ea\u597d\u628a\u8ab2\u672c\u8cb7\u56de\u4f86\u81ea\u5df2\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u4fbf\u662f\u8a72\u8ab2\u7684\u8ab2\u672c\u3002\u9019\u662f\u672c\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u85c9\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7e3d\u62ec\u4ecb\u7d39\u7531\u6dfa\u7da0\u81f3\u6df1\u7da0\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5168\u66f8\u53ea\u6709\u77ed\u77ed\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u9801\uff0c\u4f46\u5167\u5bb9\u5341\u5206\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u8981\u95b1\u8b80\u5927\u91cf\u8cc7\u6599\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u53ea\u662f\u5165\u9580\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u76e1\u91cf\u4e2d\u80af\u5730\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u5404\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u5c0d\u5404\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u8ab2\u9084\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u672c\u5de8\u5f62\u78da\u982d\u66f8\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6700\u521d\u5e7e\u7ae0\u5148\u4ecb\u7d39\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u8207\u76f8\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u8a34\u8af8\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u4fd7\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u7684\u5206\u5225\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u7c21\u4ecb\u50b3\u7d71\u4e09\u5927\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5fb7\u884c\u8ad6\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u8ad6\u548c\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u5c0d\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u8ad6\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u74b0\u5883\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u4ee5\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u6574\u500b\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u614b\u70ba\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u6709\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u4f5c\u51fa\u53d6\u6368\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u9019\u4ea6\u662f\u74b0\u4fdd\u8b70\u984c\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u8209\u51fa\u6bba\u87f2\u85e5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6bba\u87f2\u85e5\u6703\u640d\u5bb3\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u662f\u6ec5\u868a\u63a7\u5236\u7627\u75be\u7684\u6709\u6548\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u547d\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u9078\u64c7\u624d\u5408\u4e4e\u90a3\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u5462\u3002 \u6dfa\u7da0\u7684\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u672c\u9053\u5fb7\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u624d\u6709\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u53ea\u6709\u529f\u7528\u50f9\u508e\u3002\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u8cc7\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u74b0\u4fdd\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u767c\u5c55\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u6551\u751f\u8239\u8ad6(Lifeboat Ethic)\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u8258\u592a\u7a7a\u8239\uff0c\u5176\u7dad\u751f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6709\u7269\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u9650\u5236\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u6dfa\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\u6700\u70ba\u5927\u773e\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u8003\u616e\u4eba\u985e\u5229\u76ca\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u771f\u4fdd\u8b77\u74b0\u5883\u3002 \u4e2d\u7da0\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u4ec7\u820a\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u4e3b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u628a\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\u64f4\u5927\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u52d5\u7269\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002Peter Singer\u4ee5\u5f8c\u679c\u8ad6\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u904b\u52d5(Animal Liberation)\uff0c\u628a\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5165\u8a08\u7b97\u529f\u7528\u5167\u3002Tom Regan\u4ee5\u8cac\u4efb\u8ad6\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9(Animal Rights)\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u96bb\u52d5\u7269\u4e5f\u6709\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u3002Paul Taylor\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8ad6(Biocentrism)\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u690d\u751f\u547d\u7f6e\u65bc\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u7f6e\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 \u6df1\u7da0\u74b0\u4fdd\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u6dfa\u7da0\u548c\u4e2d\u7da0\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u5f9e\u500b\u9ad4\u5c64\u9762\u8df3\u5347\u5230\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u7269\u548c\u6b7b\u7269\u3002\u7576\u74b0\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u9055\u6642\uff0c\u5bb9\u8a31\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u985e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7d39\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6df1\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a \u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406(Land Ethic)\u628a\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u6c34\uff0c\u52d5\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u7d71\u7d71\u7d66\u8209\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8996\u70ba\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5fc5\u9700\u80fd\u5920\u4fdd\u5b58\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u96b1\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u7f8e\u9e97\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4fbf\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406\u5927\u5927\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u59a8\u7919\u4eba\u985e\u4f7f\u7528\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002 \u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6(Gaia Theory)\u8a8d\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8d85\u7d1a\u751f\u547d\u9ad4\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u5730\u7403\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb3\u87f2\uff0c\u7576\u5730\u7403\u53d7\u5920\u4eba\u985e\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u64ca\uff0c\u8b93\u751f\u614b\u56de\u8986\u6b63\u5e38\u3002\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6\u6c92\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u84cb\u4e9e\u4fbf\u662f\u5e0c\u81d8\u795e\u8a71\u4e2d\u5927\u5730\u4e4b\u795e\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u84cb\u4e9e\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u571f\u5730\u502b\u7406\u5167\u5bb9\u592a\u904e\u7a7a\u6cdb\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6307\u70ba\u7da0\u8272\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u5730\u7403\u70ba\u540d\u7fa9\u4fb5\u72af\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6b0a\u5229\u3002 \u6df1\u74b0\u5883\u8ad6(Deep Ecology)\u8a8d\u70ba\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u7269\u6709\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u53ea\u8981\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u529f\u7528\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u53bb\u6e1b\u5c11\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u985e\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8b8a\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u9010\u6f38\u5c11\u4eba\u53e3\u6578\u76ee\uff0c\u8b93\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u6df1\u74b0\u5883\u8ad6\u9084\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7d00\u5143\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u8981\u5f9e\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u53bb\u6539\u8b8a\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u5011\u660e\u767d\u74b0\u5883\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u9023\u63a5\u5230\u74b0\u5883\u4e0a\u3002 \u6df1\u7da0\u7406\u8ad6(Deep Green Theory)\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cc\u99d5\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9664\u4e86\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u9858\u6027\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u4e5f\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u6539\u8b8a\u3002 \u5de6\u7ffc\u751f\u614b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9(Left Biocentrism)\u540c\u6642\u5426\u5b9a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u7686\u662f\u5de5\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u9ad4\u5169\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u628a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u63a8\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u90e8\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u525d\u524a\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u904e\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53cd\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8a8d\u70ba\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7406\u8ad6\u9084\u662f\u4eba\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u50b7\u5bb3\u74b0\u5883\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u793e\u5340\u6216\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4eba\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6551\u8b22\u8eca\u6551\u4eba\u662f\u597d\uff0c\u5766\u514b\u8eca\u6bba\u4eba\u662f\u58de\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5766\u514b\u8eca\u548c\u6551\u8b22\u8eca\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58de\u3002 \u5730\u7403\u5ba3\u8a00(The Earth Manifesto)\u662f\u500b\u5927\u96dc\u71f4\uff0c\u628a\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u884c\u52d5\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u9084\u9806\u624b\u52a0\u5165\u6ec5\u8ca7\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5730\u7403\u5ba3\u8a00\u597d\u807d\u662f\u597d\u807d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6d41\u65bc\u4e0d\u5207\u5be6\u969b\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6709\u885d\u7a81\u6642\uff0c\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002 \u74b0\u5883\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9(Ecofeminsim)\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7533\u5ef6\u81f3\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0a\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u722d\u8faf\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u7528\u611f\u60c5\u53bb\u611f\u53d7\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u3002\u4e0d\u8ac7\u8cac\u4efb\u6216\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u8981\u50cf\u6bcd\u89aa\u822c\u628a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u597d\u597d\u7684\u7167\u9867\u3002 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