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&quot;\u5415\u5382\u8863&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u5415\u5382\u8863","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/seanbenson\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/tom-brokaw-on-margaret-thatcher-the-iron-lady.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/tom-brokaw-on-margaret-thatcher-the-iron-lady.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/tom-brokaw-on-margaret-thatcher-the-iron-lady.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/tom-brokaw-on-margaret-thatcher-the-iron-lady.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/tom-brokaw-on-margaret-thatcher-the-iron-lady.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13930,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2019\/11\/26\/the-arrow-impossibility-theorem-eric-maskin-and-amartya-sen\/","url_meta":{"origin":645,"position":1},"title":"The Arrow Impossibility Theorem &#8211; Eric Maskin and Amartya Sen","author":"hevangel","date":"November 26, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u6587\u7ae0\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u7acb\u5834\u65b0\u805e \u62d6\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u898b\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u5efa\u5236\u6158\u6557\uff0c\u9b06\u4e86\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u66f8\u8a55\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e00\u4e0b\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406 (Arrow's Impossibility Theorem) \u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6096\u8ad6 (Arrow's Impossibility Theorem \u53c8\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba \"Arrow's Paradox\") 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\u9019\u672c\u300aThe Arrow Impossiblity Theorem\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u4e86\u5169\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6Eric Maskin\u548cAmartya Sen\u65bc\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u5beb\u5f15\u8a00(opneing remarks)\u7684Joseph Stiglitz\u548c\u5beb\u8a55\u8ff0\u53ca\u611f\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2Kenneth Arrow\uff08\u963f\u7f85\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u4e5f\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u56db\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u5de8\u661f\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u661f\u5149\u71a0\u71a0\u3002Sen\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u90e8\u4efd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u592a\u96e3\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u63a8\u8ad6\u3002Maskin\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u5247\u8ad6\u8b49majority rules\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u963f\u7f85\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8584\u8584\u4e00\u672c\u767e\u4e94\u9801\u7684\u5c0f\u66f8\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6dfa\u51fa\u5730\u628a\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\u6e05\u695a\u3002 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\u6295\u7968\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236 Unrestricted Domain (U) \u5728\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u4e26\u975e\u5e38\u898b\u53ea\u80fd\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u9078\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u9805\u6309\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u6392\u540d\u3002(U)\u662f\u6307\u9078\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u6642\u6392\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u5f97\u51fa\u4f86\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6392\u540d\u4ea6\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u7e3d\u7d50\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\uff09\u660e\u78ba\u662f\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u9078\u6c11\u9078\u7968\u4e2d\u7684\u9078\u9805\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\uff08\u5982\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\uff09\uff0c\u537b\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u8fd4(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002\u9ede\u7968\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5b9a\u7406\u4e2d\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\"social welfare function\"\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u689d\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u6240\u6709\u9078\u6c11\u7684\u6295\u7968\u8f38\u5165\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u6295\u7968\u8005\u5171\u8b58\u6392\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6307\u51fa\u5fc5\u9700\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u689d\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u8a00\u516c\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6709\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u9ede\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u4e4e\u5408(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u537b\u662f\u9055\u53cd(U)\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5317\u97d3\u9810\u77e5\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u529f\u80fd\u7d44\u5225\u5206\u7d44\u9ede\u7968\u7b49\u3002 \u7121\u95dc\u9078\u9805\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u7d50\u679c Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (I) \u4efb\u4f55\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u6392\u540d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u9078\u6c11\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u9078\u8209\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u300c\u7532>\u4e59\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u70ba\u51fa\u73fe\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u9078\u9805\u300c\u4e19\u300d\uff0c\u8b93\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8b8a\u6210\u300c\u4e59>\u7532\u300d\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u4e00\u5340\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u6216\u300c\u672c\u571f\u5c0d\u5efa\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u8f38\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u7576\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u4e09\u500b\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u300c\u672c\u571f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6cdb\u6c11\u300d\u4e92\u76f8\u5206\u8584\u7968\u6e90\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u300c\u5efa\u5236\u300d\u57f7\u6b7b\u96de\u52dd\u51fa\uff0c\u4fd7\u7a31\u300c\u9385\u7968\u300d \u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u5340\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u7684\u55ae\u8b70\u5e2d\u55ae\u7968\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u9055\u53cd\u4e86(I)\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u4e86\u3002 \u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c\u8981\u5982\u5be6\u53cd\u6620\u6c11\u610f Pareto Principle (P) 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\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de6\u53f3\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u679c Nondictatorship (D)\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u66f8\u8a55&quot;","block_context":{"text":"\u66f8\u8a55","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.horace.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9780231153287.jpg?fit=350%2C525&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":651,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e8%ad%b0%e5%93%a1%e5%ab%96%e5%a6%93\/","url_meta":{"origin":645,"position":2},"title":"\u8b70\u54e1\u5ad6\u5993","author":"hevangel","date":"December 20, 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