{"id":661,"date":"2006-12-20T20:08:09","date_gmt":"2006-12-21T04:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/?p=661"},"modified":"2015-11-06T00:27:21","modified_gmt":"2015-11-06T08:27:21","slug":"%e8%b2%a7%e5%af%8c%e6%87%b8%e6%ae%8a%e8%88%87%e5%85%ac%e5%b9%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e8%b2%a7%e5%af%8c%e6%87%b8%e6%ae%8a%e8%88%87%e5%85%ac%e5%b9%b3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u8207\u516c\u5e73"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u751f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6642\u5019\ufe50\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7e3d\u6703\u671d\u5411\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u793e\u904b\u4efd\u5b50\u7e3d\u559c\u6b61\u628a\u554f\u984c\u6b78\u548e\u842c\u60e1\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u9ad8\u558a\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\ufe50\u53ea\u8981\u628a\u6709\u9322\u4eba\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u7d66\u7aae\u4eba\ufe50\u6240\u7136\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002\u96d6\u8aaa\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u597d\u7684\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u601d\u60f3\u904e\u4efd\u5929\u771f\u812b\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\ufe50\u5b8c\u5168\u672c\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u793e\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\ufe50\u7121\u8996\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e0a\u7121\u5f62\u4e4b\u624b\u7684\u529b\u91cf\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u6703\u628a\u554f\u984c\u8d8a\u5f04\u8d8a\u7cdf\ufe50\u6b63\u6240\u8b02\u597d\u5fc3\u505a\u58de\u4e8b\u662f\u4e5f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u660e\u767d\u554f\u984c\u672c\u8cea\ufe50\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u6b63\u78ba\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u597d\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u628a\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u5747\u5206\u7d66\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u516c\u5e73\ufe50\u90a3\u662f\u53ea\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u5fb9\u5e95\u5931\u6557\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u5929\u6389\u4e0b\u4f86\ufe50\u662f\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u53bb\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u6700\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u5747\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\ufe50\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u7522\u591a\u5c11\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u4ed6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u7528\u591a\u5c11\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d71\u7a31\ufe50\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d30\u5206\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7a2e\u985e\ufe50\u5982\u8fb2\u696d\u958b\u7926\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u628a\u539f\u6599\u52a0\u5de5\u70ba\u6210\u54c1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u670d\u52d9\u884c\u696d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u7522\u696d\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u6240\u5f97\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u63db\u3002\u5e02\u5834\u8ddf\u64da\u4f9b\u6c42\u5b9a\u5f8b\u904b\u4f5c\ufe50\u591a\u4eba\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u6216\u52d9\u670d\u5c31\u50f9\u683c\u4e0a\u5347\ufe50\u5c11\u4eba\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u53cd\u4e4b\u5c31\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\u8dcc\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u4ee5\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\ufe50\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5275\u9020\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u56e0\u7269\u7406\u689d\u4ef6\u6240\u9650\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u9060\u3002\u4f46\u73fe\u4eca\u793e\u6703\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5275\u9020\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u4ee5\u5e7e\u4f55\u7d1a\u6578\u4e0a\u5347\ufe50\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u5275\u9020\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u6709\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u56e0\u6b64\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\ufe50\u7aae\u4eba\u7aae\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u751f\u7522\u529b\u4e0d\u5920\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u6a23\u7c73\u990a\u767e\u6a23\u4eba\ufe50\u7aae\u4eba\u7576\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u5225\ufe50\u6211\u628a\u7aae\u4eba\u5206\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n

1. \u61f6\u4eba
\n\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\ufe50\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7aae\u4eba\u662f\u548e\u7531\u81ea\u53d6\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u8b80\u66f8\u4e0d\u52aa\u529b\ufe50\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u500b\u6c89\u8ff7\u5ad6\u8ced\u9152\u5439\ufe50\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u597d\u9038\u60e1\u52de\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u87f2\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u7aae\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u7684\ufe50\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u540c\u6a23\u8cc7\u6e90\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

2. \u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u7684\u4eba
\n\u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u662f\u8981\u5148\u6295\u653e\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\ufe50\u5929\u751f\u6709\u6750\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u8981\u5f8c\u5929\u7684\u88c1\u57f9\u3002\u793e\u6703\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u6295\u8cc7\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u56de\u5831\u7387\u3002\u63d0\u5347\u5168\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u5e73\ufe50\u7d66\u8207\u8cc7\u8cea\u51fa\u773e\u7684\u7aae\u7b49\u4eba\u5bb6\u5b50\u5f1f\u7684\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\ufe50\u4eca\u5c46\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u548c\u5e73\u734e\u5c24\u52aa\u65af\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u5fae\u984d\u8cb8\u6b3e\u4e5f\u5c6c\u9019\u985e\u793e\u6703\u6295\u8cc7\u3002\u7576\u7136\u6295\u8cc7\u5c31\u8981\u8b1b\u56de\u5831\ufe50\u8981\u56e0\u61c9\u6750\u80fd\u548c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u3002\u6574\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\u751f\u7522\u529b\u548c\u53ef\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u639b\u920e\ufe50\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f5c\u51fa\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u7684\u8f49\u79fb\u3002<\/p>\n

3. \u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f46\u52e4\u529b\u7684\u4eba
\n\u96d6\u8aaa\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u591a\u5143\u5316\ufe50\u6750\u80fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u9650\u6b7b\u53ea\u5f97\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c08\u9577\ufe50\u6709\u6c7a\u7b56\u9818\u5c0e\ufe50\u8a08\u6578\u7406\u8ca1\ufe50\u601d\u8003\u5275\u9020\ufe50\u6253\u6ce2\u9ad4\u80b2\ufe50\u5531\u6b4c\u62cd\u6232\ufe50\u4eba\u969b\u6280\u5de7\ufe50\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5e95\u4e0b\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u76e1\u5c55\u6240\u9577\ufe50\u767c\u63ee\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u5927\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\ufe50\u4eab\u53d7\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5ffd\u8996\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u9577\ufe50\u5c31\u7b97\u5f88\u52aa\u529b\u4e0d\u8ad6\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u6210\ufe50\u53ea\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u8aaa\u6750\u80fd\u662f\u5929\u751f\u662f\u8b1b\u904b\u6c23\ufe50\u82e5\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9760\u5929\u8ce6\u4eab\u53d7\u8cc7\u6e90\u662f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5fd8\u8a18\u4e86\u4e00\u9ede\ufe50\u5e78\u904b\u4e4b\u795e\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u6709\u5e78\u6709\u4e0d\u5e78\ufe50\u6709\u4eba\u4e2d\u516d\u5408\u5f69\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e2d\ufe50\u7e3d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u4e2d\u734e\u7684\u4eba\u62ff\u5230\u734e\u91d1\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5427\u3002\u518d\u8005\u4e16\u754c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u904b\u6c23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\ufe50\u5c31\u7b97\u5169\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6750\u80fd\u548c\u52aa\u529b\u76f8\u82e5\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u5f8c\u8ab0\u52dd\u8ad6\u8ca0\u6700\u5f8c\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u4e09\u5206\u904b\u6c23\u3002\u96e3\u9053\u8981\u4ed6\u5011\u6253\u548c\u624d\u7b97\u516c\u5e73\u55ce\ufe56\u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u5929\u8ce6\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u5341\u5206\u53ef\u6015\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u8166\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\ufe50\u539f\u4f86\u662f\u8981\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u4e00\u6a21\u4e00\u6a23\ufe50\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u512a\u52a3\u7684\u5206\u5225\ufe50\u5927\u6168\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u4eba\u985e\u597d\u50cf\u6a5f\u68b0\u4eba\u624d\u6eff\u610f\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u89c0\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6b7b\u89d2\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u7528\u5929\u8ce6\u672c\u9322\u53bb\u7af6\u722d\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u90a3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u9650\u5236\u6709\u6750\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\ufe50\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u6750\u80fd\u53bb\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u53bb\u7af6\u722d\ufe50\u8981\u5f88\u9ebb\u7169\u5730\u628a\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u8005\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u518d\u5206\u51fa\u4f86\u7d66\u6c92\u6709\u6750\u80fd\u4f4e\u751f\u7522\u7684\u4eba\u5462\ufe56<\/p>\n

\u6700\u5f8c\u60f3\u8aaa\u8aaa\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\ufe50\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5b50\u901a\u5e38\u76f2\u76ee\u652f\u6301Rawls\u7684Egalitarian\u90a3\u5957\ufe50\u8981\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u7d66\u7aae\u4eba\u624d\u53eb\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u6539\u826f\u578b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\ufe50\u5982Minimium Tolerance\ufe50\u7d66\u8207\u7aae\u4eba\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4fdd\u969c\u5982\u7d9c\u7de9\ufe50\u6216Waltz\u7684Complex Equality\ufe50\u9650\u5236\u6709\u9322\u4eba\u628a\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u7d66\u751f\u7522\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7d66\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u4eba\ufe50\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8eab\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\ufe50\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6b0a\u4eab\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u66f4\u52a0\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5b50\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u628a\u4f4e\u751f\u7522\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u4eab\u53d7\u5c11\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\u624d\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u554a\ufe57<\/p>\n

\u6700\u5f8c\u60f3\u8aaa\u591a\u53e5\ufe50\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7406\u7531\ufe50\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u57fa\u5c64\u8981\u6709\u9069\u7576\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u6295\u8cc7\ufe50\u5e0c\u671b\u5e6b\u57fa\u5c64\u4e00\u628a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u812b\u96e2\u57fa\u5c64\ufe50\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u591a\u4e9b\u4f9b\u737b\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u8aaa\ufe50\u597d\u50cf\u6709\u9322\u4eba\u4e2d\u7522\u6b20\u4e86\u57fa\u5c64\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u7522\u6240\u5f97\ufe50\u82e5\u8981\u88ab\u8feb\u5206\u7d66\u5225\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u540c\u60c5\u662f\u5584\u5fc3\u5f97\u9f13\u52f5\ufe50\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u662f\u9053\u7406\ufe50\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u8feb\u6709\u9322\u4eba\u548c\u4e2d\u7522\u70ba\u57fa\u5c64\u72a7\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u751f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6642\u5019\ufe50\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7e3d\u6703\u671d\u5411\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u793e\u904b\u4efd\u5b50\u7e3d\u559c\u6b61\u628a\u554f\u984c\u6b78\u548e\u842c\u60e1\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u9ad8\u558a\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\ufe50\u53ea\u8981\u628a\u6709\u9322\u4eba\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u7d66\u7aae\u4eba\ufe50\u6240\u7136\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002\u96d6\u8aaa\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u597d\u7684\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u601d\u60f3\u904e\u4efd\u5929\u771f\u812b\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\ufe50\u5b8c\u5168\u672c\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u793e\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\ufe50\u7121\u8996\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e0a\u7121\u5f62\u4e4b\u624b\u7684\u529b\u91cf\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u6703\u628a\u554f\u984c\u8d8a\u5f04\u8d8a\u7cdf\ufe50\u6b63\u6240\u8b02\u597d\u5fc3\u505a\u58de\u4e8b\u662f\u4e5f\u3002 \u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u660e\u767d\u554f\u984c\u672c\u8cea\ufe50\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u6b63\u78ba\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u597d\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u628a\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u5747\u5206\u7d66\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u516c\u5e73\ufe50\u90a3\u662f\u53ea\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u5fb9\u5e95\u5931\u6557\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u5929\u6389\u4e0b\u4f86\ufe50\u662f\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u53bb\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u6700\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u5747\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\ufe50\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u7522\u591a\u5c11\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u4ed6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u7528\u591a\u5c11\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d71\u7a31\ufe50\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d30\u5206\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7a2e\u985e\ufe50\u5982\u8fb2\u696d\u958b\u7926\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u628a\u539f\u6599\u52a0\u5de5\u70ba\u6210\u54c1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u670d\u52d9\u884c\u696d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u7522\u696d\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u6240\u5f97\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u63db\u3002\u5e02\u5834\u8ddf\u64da\u4f9b\u6c42\u5b9a\u5f8b\u904b\u4f5c\ufe50\u591a\u4eba\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u6216\u52d9\u670d\u5c31\u50f9\u683c\u4e0a\u5347\ufe50\u5c11\u4eba\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u53cd\u4e4b\u5c31\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\u8dcc\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u4ee5\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\ufe50\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5275\u9020\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u56e0\u7269\u7406\u689d\u4ef6\u6240\u9650\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u9060\u3002\u4f46\u73fe\u4eca\u793e\u6703\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5275\u9020\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u4ee5\u5e7e\u4f55\u7d1a\u6578\u4e0a\u5347\ufe50\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u5275\u9020\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u6709\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u56e0\u6b64\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u3002 \u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\ufe50\u7aae\u4eba\u7aae\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u751f\u7522\u529b\u4e0d\u5920\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u6a23\u7c73\u990a\u767e\u6a23\u4eba\ufe50\u7aae\u4eba\u7576\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u5225\ufe50\u6211\u628a\u7aae\u4eba\u5206\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u7a2e\u3002 1. \u61f6\u4eba \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\ufe50\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7aae\u4eba\u662f\u548e\u7531\u81ea\u53d6\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u8b80\u66f8\u4e0d\u52aa\u529b\ufe50\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u500b\u6c89\u8ff7\u5ad6\u8ced\u9152\u5439\ufe50\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u597d\u9038\u60e1\u52de\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u87f2\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u7aae\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u7684\ufe50\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u540c\u6a23\u8cc7\u6e90\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u4e86\u3002 2. \u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u7684\u4eba \u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\u662f\u8981\u5148\u6295\u653e\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\ufe50\u5929\u751f\u6709\u6750\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u8981\u5f8c\u5929\u7684\u88c1\u57f9\u3002\u793e\u6703\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u6295\u8cc7\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u56de\u5831\u7387\u3002\u63d0\u5347\u5168\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u5e73\ufe50\u7d66\u8207\u8cc7\u8cea\u51fa\u773e\u7684\u7aae\u7b49\u4eba\u5bb6\u5b50\u5f1f\u7684\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\ufe50\u4eca\u5c46\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u548c\u5e73\u734e\u5c24\u52aa\u65af\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u5fae\u984d\u8cb8\u6b3e\u4e5f\u5c6c\u9019\u985e\u793e\u6703\u6295\u8cc7\u3002\u7576\u7136\u6295\u8cc7\u5c31\u8981\u8b1b\u56de\u5831\ufe50\u8981\u56e0\u61c9\u6750\u80fd\u548c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u3002\u6574\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\u751f\u7522\u529b\u548c\u53ef\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u639b\u920e\ufe50\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f5c\u51fa\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u7684\u8f49\u79fb\u3002 3. \u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f46\u52e4\u529b\u7684\u4eba 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\u6700\u5f8c\u60f3\u8aaa\u8aaa\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\ufe50\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5b50\u901a\u5e38\u76f2\u76ee\u652f\u6301Rawls\u7684Egalitarian\u90a3\u5957\ufe50\u8981\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u7d66\u7aae\u4eba\u624d\u53eb\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u6539\u826f\u578b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\ufe50\u5982Minimium Tolerance\ufe50\u7d66\u8207\u7aae\u4eba\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4fdd\u969c\u5982\u7d9c\u7de9\ufe50\u6216Waltz\u7684Complex 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2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\ufe50\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u6216\u8005\u7528\u516c\u5e73\u70ba\u540d\u53bb\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9(Capitalsim)\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u4ed6\u5011\u96d6\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\ufe50\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53bb\u4f5c\u51fa\u63a8\u8ad6\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u6700\u591a\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u6700\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u4fbf\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u8150\u5316\ufe50Fedrick Hayek\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u5230\u52de\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u4e2d\ufe50\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u652f\u6301\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u767c\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u529f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\ufe50\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5920\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7e7c\u7e8c\u652f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\ufe50\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0d\u5c0d\ufe50\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u82e5\u7528\u7a05\u6536\u53bb\u63a0\u596a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5f37\u8feb\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u5974\u96b8\ufe50\u6709\u9055\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002Robert Nozick\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\ufe55 \u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6 (Entitlement Theory) \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u521d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u901a\u904e\u81ea\u9858\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u4ea4\u6613\ufe50\u9054\u81f3\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\ufe50\u5247\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u593e\u786c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6700\u521d\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0aNozick\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u6b21\u904e\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u5206\u914d\u904e\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u7559\u610f\u4e00\u9ede\u662fNozick\u5c0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\ufe50\u8207Rawls\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Rawls\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u5747\u5206\ufe50Nozick\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u3002 \u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6 (Self-Ownership Argument) 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\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u9ede\ufe50\u662f\u5ffd\u8996\u55ae\u55ae\u6750\u5e79\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\ufe50\u9084\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u500b\u9ad4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u7522\u696d\ufe50\u5982\u571f\u5730\u6216\u751f\u7522\u516c\u5177\u7b49\u3002\u8981\u78ba\u7acb\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u5728\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\ufe50\u5247\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u96a8\u8457\u77e5\u8b58\u578b\u548c\u670d\u52d9\u578b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\ufe50\u8cc7\u6e90\u751f\u7522\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u7522\u696d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6e1b\u5c11\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002 David Gautheir\u5247\u5f9e\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u5165\u624b\ufe50\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u64da\u3002\u4ed6\u8207Rawls\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\ufe50\u662f\u4ed6\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u6750\u80fd\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6750\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\ufe50\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5951\u7d04\ufe50\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e5f\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u722d\u53d6\u6700\u5927\u76ca\u8655\u5916\ufe50\u9084\u8981\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u884c\ufe50\u4e0d\u7136\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u7d19\u4e0a\u8ac7\u5175\u3002\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\ufe50\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u884d\u751f\u8cc7\u6e90\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ea\u5c0d\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u6709\u76ca\u8655\ufe50\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5be6\u884c\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u8b70\u50f9\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u3002 \u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u516c\u7fa9\ufe50Gautheir\u56de\u61c9\u4ed6\u5011\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u516c\u7fa9\u6191\u7a7a\u8b8a\u51fa\u4f86\u7121\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\ufe50\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7b35\u570d\ufe50\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\ufe50\u63a2\u8a0e\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4f86\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5047\u5b9a\u516c\u7fa9\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\ufe50\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u5047\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u80fd\u9055\u53cd\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u8aaa\u8aaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8208\u8d77\ufe50\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672a\u958b\u59cb\u672a\u843d\u7684\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\ufe50\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u8981\u5e6b\u52a9\u7aae\u4eba\ufe50\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b93\u7aae\u4eba\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u624d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6307\u51fa\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u554f\u984c\ufe50\u990a\u61f6\u4eba\ufe50\u990a\u6210\u7aae\u4eba\u4f9d\u8cf4\u798f\u5229\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\ufe50\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u65bd\u653f\u80fd\u529b\ufe50\u798f\u5229\u653f\u7b56\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u56b4\u91cd\u5931\u8aa4\ufe50\u751a\u81f3\u8d8a\u5e6b\u8d8a\u5dee\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\u6578\u64da\u652f\u6301\ufe50\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u8996\u798f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002","rel":"","context":"In "\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":637,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2006\/12\/20\/%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%96%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9-liberalism\/","url_meta":{"origin":661,"position":1},"title":"\u6dfa\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Liberalism)","author":"hevangel","date":"December 20, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6John Rawls\u63d0\u51fa\ufe50\u5728\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8208\u8d77\u81f3\u4eca\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u534a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\ufe50\u4e00\u76f4\u6df1\u53d7\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5de6\u6d3e\u793e\u904b\u4efd\u5b50\u559c\u611b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u529f\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u5dee\u592a\u9060\ufe50\u53ef\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u908a\u5ec2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f4\u89ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u76e4\u6563\u6c99\ufe50\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e92\u76f8\u8861\u7a81\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u91d1\u79d1\u7389\u5f8b\ufe50\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7d71\u53bb\u5236\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u653f\u7b56\ufe50\u65bc\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u586b\u88dc\u9019\u500b\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u5169\u5927\u6559\u689d\u5206\u5225\u662f\ufe55 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2.\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6bd4\u9700\u9075\u5b88\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6700\u4e0d\u5e78\u793e\u7fa4\u5229\u671f\u7684\u6e96\u5247\u3002\u63db\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\ufe50\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u8cc7\u6e90\u5747\u5206\ufe50\u9664\u975e\u4e0d\u5747\u5206\u914d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u6700\u5dee\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u4e5f\u6700\u53d7\u60e0\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\ufe50\u4e0a\u5c64\ufe50\u4e2d\u7522\ufe50\u57fa\u5c64\u6709\u56db\u500b\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u914d\u5b89\u6848\ufe50 A. 9, 4, 1 B. 8, 6, 2 C. 5, 4, 4 D. 3, 3, 3 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u9078\u64c7\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u65b9\u6848\ufe50\u4e0d\u9078\u64c7\u6975\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u6848\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u3002\u4e0d\u9078\u7b2c\u56db\u500b\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5747\u8ca7\ufe50\u4f46\u53cd\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u65b9\u6848\u5c31\u6709\u5f85\u76f8\u78ba\u4e86\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6559\u689d\u4e00\u822c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9a\u5f8b(difference principle) \u652f\u6301\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede \u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6 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"\u54f2\u5b78"","block_context":{"text":"\u54f2\u5b78","link":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/category\/_philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9345,"url":"https:\/\/www.horace.org\/blog\/2015\/10\/15\/the-price-of-inequality-joseph-stiglitz\/","url_meta":{"origin":661,"position":5},"title":"The Price of Inequality – Joseph Stiglitz","author":"hevangel","date":"October 15, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"We have created an economy and a society in which great wealth is amassed through rent seeking \u4e0d\u60a3\u4e0d\u5747\uff0c\u800c\u60a3\u4e0d\u516c \u4f54\u9818\u83ef\u723e\u8857\u300c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u662f99%\u300d\u9019\u53e3\u865f\uff0c\u6e90\u65bcJoseph Stiglitz\u65bc\u300a\u540d\u5229\u5834\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3008Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%\u3009\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u6700\u5bcc\u6709\u76841%\u4eba\uff0c\u4f54\u6709\u903e\u56db\u6210\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\uff0c\u6d3b\u5728\u300c\u5805\u96e2\u5730\u300d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u4ed699%\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u812b\u7bc0\u3002\u5e73\u5e38\u5de6\u7ffc\u4efd\u5b50\u6279\u8a55\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\uff0c\u8a34\u8aaa\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u516c\u7fa9\uff0c\u6253\u5012\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee4\u4e0d\u5c11\u81ea\u547d\u4e2d\u7522\u4eba\u4ed5\u807d\u4e0d\u5165\u8033\u3002\u4eca\u6b21\u7531\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u8b1b\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u717d\u60c5\u53e3\u865f\uff0c\u6539\u4ee5\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4fbf\u4f86\u5f97\u66f4\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u8feb\u4ee4\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u8996\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u4e4b\u5f0a\u3002\u300aThe Price of Inequality\u300b\u662f1%\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7533\u5ef6\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u7684\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u5176\u884d\u751f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u4e00\u5411\u4ee5meritocracy\u81ea\u8c6a\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5922\u8207\u7345\u5b50\u5c71\u7cbe\u795e\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u6df1\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u624d\u5e79\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u98db\u9ec3\u9a30\u9054\u3002\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u5922\u788e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u505c\u6eef\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u5931\u696d\u7387\u9577\u671f\u9ad8\u4f0110%\uff0c\u4e2d\u7522\u840e\u7e2e\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u6d41\u52d5\u6027\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u66f4\u8da8\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u3002\u8ca7\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u975e\u58de\u4e8b\uff0c\u82e5\u5e02\u5834\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56de\u5831\u6309\u751f\u7522\u529b\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u591a\u7522\u591a\u5f97\u5f88\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u90a31%\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u975e\u4f86\u81ea\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u5c0b\u79df(renk seeking)\u3002\u5c0b\u79df\u662f\u6307\u4f9b\u7d66\u5f48\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u8d85\u984d\u5229\u6f64\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c08\u71df\u58df\u65b7\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5c0b\u79df\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u5b9a\u5546\u865f\u624d\u80fd\u7d93\u71df\u67d0\u751f\u610f\u3002\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u9ad8\u4f01\u4e0d\u4e0b\uff0c\u9322\u4fbf\u5f9e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53e3\u888b\u8f49\u79fb\u81f3\u5546\u5bb6\u624b\u4e0a\u3002\u7562\u7adf\u7f8e\u570b\u662f\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5982\u6b64\u8d64\u797c\u5730\u525d\u524a\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5c0b\u79df\u8b8a\u5f97\u8907\u96dc\u96b1\u8aa8\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7f8e\u5176\u540d\u6253\u8457\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5e4c\u5b50\u3002 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\u7684\u8ca8\u5e63\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7dad\u8b77\u7f8e\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u70ba\u672c\u3002\u6839\u64da\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u8abf\u6574\u5229\u606f\u4e4b\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u901a\u6f32\u8207\u5931\u696d\u7387\u4f5c\u51fa\u53d6\u6368\u3002\u70ba\u4f55\u73fe\u5728\u9ad8\u901a\u6f32\u5df2\u6210\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u806f\u5132\u5c40\u4ecd\u820a\u6f20\u8996\u5931\u696d\u7387\u4e0a\u5347\u5462\uff1f \u539f\u56e0\u662f\u83ef\u723e\u8857\u8a8d\u70ba\u50b5\u5377\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5229\u6f64\uff0c\u6bd4\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u8fb2\u696d\u6216\u63a1\u6cb9\u958b\u7926\uff0c\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e00\u5411\u662f\u5c0b\u79df\u7684\u5bf5\u5152\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a05\u52d9\u512a\u60e0\uff0c\u5927\u898f \u6a21\u88dc\u52a9\u570b\u5167\u8fb2\u696d\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u8fb2\u592b\u751f\u8a08\uff0c\u7a69\u5b9a\u570b\u5167\u7ce7\u98df\u4f9b\u61c9\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u6dea\u70ba\u5de8\u7121\u9738\u4f01\u696d\u8fb2\u5834\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u628a\u77f3\u6cb9\u6216\u7926\u7269\u7684\u958b\u63a1\u6b0a\u4f4e\u50f9\u8cb7\u51fa\uff0c\u90a3\u6578\u76ee\u96d6\u9f90\u5927\u5012\u6709\u9084\u6709\u6578\u53ef\u8a08\u3002\u66f4\u904e\u4efd\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u5bec\u9b06\u7684\u74b0\u4fdd\u6cd5\u4f8b\uff0c\u8cc7\u6e90\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5229\u6f64\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u57cb\u55ae\u7684\u754c\u5916\u6548\u61c9(negative externality)\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u5e78\u767c\u751f\u56b4\u91cd\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u8cc7\u6e90\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8ce0\u511f\u53ef\u5c01\u9802\u514d\u8cac\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u9322\u6e05\u7406\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u5b89\u5168\u6210\u672c\u7701\u4e0b\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u5229\u6f64\uff0c\u51fa\u610f\u5916\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u537b\u7531\u7d0d\u7a05\u4eba\u627f\u64d4\u3002 \u89e3\u6c7a\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u958b\u51fa\u7684\u85e5\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5916\u4e4e\u8ca1\u5bcc\u518d\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u52a0\u7a05\u589e\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u65e9\u8aaa\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\uff0cStiglitz\u8c48\u6703\u91cd\u8f1c\u8986\u8f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5f9e\u6700\u6839\u672c\u8655\u8457\u624b\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7a05\u5236\u548c\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u675c\u7d55\u5c0b\u79df\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u58df\u65b7\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u8b93\u5e02\u5834\u56de\u5fa9\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4ee4\u751f\u7522\u529b\u8207\u56de\u5831\u63a5\u8ecc\u3002\u7d93\u6fdf\u8ab2\u672c\u8aaa\u52a0\u7a05\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u4eba\u56e0\u56de\u5831\u4e0b\u964d\u800c\u6e1b\u5c11\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u79df\u91d1\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u662f\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u52a0\u7a05\u800c\u6d88\u6563\uff0c\u5411\u5b83\u62bd\u591a\u7a05\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u751f\u7522\u7e3d\u503c\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u58eb\u724c\uff0c20\u5e74\u5167\u7531200\u842c\u5143\u5347\u81f3700\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u724c\u50f9\u5347\u5e45\u4e26\u975e\u4f86\u81ea\u5176\u589e\u591a\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0b\u79df\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u724c\u50f9\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u7684\u58eb\u53f8\u6a5f\u90fd\u662f\u7167\u6a23\u958b\u5de5\uff0c\u6ea2\u50f9\u6210\u70ba\u8eca\u79df\u843d\u5165\u6301\u724c\u4eba\u53e3\u888b\u3002\u82e5\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u724c\u50f9\u62bd\u7a05\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u7684\u58eb\u6578\u76ee\u548c\u53f8\u6a5f\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u6ea2\u50f9\u53c8\u53ef\u6536\u6b78\u5eab\u623f\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u52a0\u7a05\u767e\u5229\u800c\u7121\u4e00\u5bb3\u3002\u8aaa\u56de\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u5f9e\u91d1\u878d\u696d\u5230\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u5f9e\u91ab\u85e5\u5230\u8ecd\u5de5\u696d\uff0c\u79df\u5c0b\u4fef\u62fe\u7686\u662f\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u6c7a\u5fc3\u5411\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u53d6\u56de\u7a05\u6b3e\uff0c\u6709\u83ab\u5927\u7684\u52a0\u7a05\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8db3\u5920\u806f\u90a6\u8d64\u5b57\u8f49\u8667\u70ba\u76c8\u3002 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