All posts by hevangel

The Road to Serfdom 自由到路役之路 – Freidrich A. Hayek

road to serfdom 據說在蘋果日報報社的大堂有三尊銅像﹐代表著香港一直以來賴以成功的自由經濟體系﹐背後的三個位著名經濟學家。第一位是香港六十年代的財政司郭伯偉(John J. Cowperthwaite)﹐任內政府推行經濟積極不干預政策。第二位是去年去世的經濟大師佛利民(Milton Friedman),建立自由市場的經濟理論反對政府干預。第三位則是政治哲學家海耶克(Freidich A. Hayek)﹐為反對社會主義和集體主義寫下理論基礎。

「自由到路役之路」 是海耶克最重要的著作﹐書中詳細推論社會主義最終必然會變成極權統治。此書出版於二次大戰未期﹐當時凱恩斯主義(Keynes)當道﹐鼓吹由大政府主導的計劃經濟﹐工會勢力以保障工人之名抬頭﹐陰影籠罩著西方的自由經濟傳統。此書最初出版時不受到重視﹐反對聲音甚至打擊海耶克﹐認為他的理論危言聳聽﹐不適合主導經濟發展的政策。後來歐蘇聯共產實驗的失敗﹐六七十年代西方在左翼思潮影響下經濟一蹶不振﹐正好反證了到海耶克理論的先知先覺。海耶克在1974年獲得諾貝爾經濟獎﹐八十年代英美列根和戴卓爾政府下﹐古典自由主義從新抬頭﹐經濟急速發展﹐再一次肯定了海耶克理論的正確性。海耶克反對集體主義的計劃經濟﹐因為我們的自由會慢慢流失﹐最終我們會淪為專制政府統治的奴隸。

海耶克並不反對有關經濟的計劃﹐只要計劃的目的是促進競爭﹐而非由政府主導市場﹐選擇推行單一發展模式。支持計劃經濟的人﹐認為政府可以制定一套最完善的發展策略﹐只要跟從就能夠建設社會。可是不同人對社會有不同的期望﹐沒有一個經濟計劃可以迎合所有人的需要。政府要推行計劃經濟﹐就必需惘顧社會上一部份人的意願。民主程序並不能解決問題﹐絕大多數人意見分歧像一盤散沙的情況下﹐只要少數人達成統一意見﹐就可以凌駕並騎劫多數人的意願。而最容易達成統一意見的﹐偏偏卻是不會獨立思考的人群﹐他們把權力給與說話動聽的領袖﹐希望他運用絕對權力﹐去掃除推行計劃經濟的障礙。領袖在擁有絕對的權力後﹐在推行經濟計劃的大前題下﹐動用宣傳機器打擊反對聲音﹐因為經濟計劃要成功就不能受到質疑。當領袖完全操制與人民生活息息相關的經濟﹐人民喪失自由再沒有能力反抗時﹐踏上給專制政權奴役之路。

海耶克指出在社會主義中﹐自由一詞的意義被扭曲使用﹐誤導人民去支持計劃經濟。自由原本的意思是指政治上的自由﹐有不受到安全威脅的自由﹐不受到他人權力隨意操控的自由。在社會主義中﹐自由的意義變為經濟上的自由﹐成為不用擔心生活所需而限制選擇的自由。在這個意義中﹐自由只不過是財富的代名詞﹐社會主義的自由就只是財富的重新分配。海耶克並不反對基本的社會保障制度﹐在現代會中不應有人挨餓﹐衣不蔽體或露宿街頭。可是海耶克反對是在滿足基本生活需要後﹐還要追求人民在財富上也要相對地均等。政府不能只保障一部份人(如工會工人)有比較好的生活質素﹐因為社會的財富不是無限﹐若果保障他們所分配到的財富﹐則必然會損害其他沒有保障的人的利益。若果政府要保障所有人分配到的財富﹐政府就要分配每一個人的工作岡位﹐等同於要全面推行計劃經濟。人民喪失選擇工作的自由﹐生活各方面也要依懶政府﹐受到經濟政策決策者的支配。於是我們不單沒有獲得到經濟自由﹐反而連我們的政治自由也賠上去。

這本書中的政治推論深入詳細一環緊扣一環﹐對於初接觸這些政治述語的人來說比較艱深。我把這書前後看了兩遍﹐加上網上簡易精讀版的幫助﹐才勉強認識海耶克的理論。這本書挑戰我們反思一些習以為常的政治慨念﹐追溯自由﹐民主﹐計劃﹐競爭﹐權力﹐法治這些詞語背後的意義﹐讓我們對社會主義的浪漫幻想有所警 惕。 在網絡上我遇到不少左翼的社運份子﹐他們高舉社會主義的自由旗織﹐一廂情願地要求政府干預市場﹐好改善他們關心社群的生活。可是他們缺乏扎實的理論基礎﹐只能看到事情的表面﹐並不意識到的他們訴求﹐正正是踏著海耶克的通住奴役之路。

Practice attitude

We have a foosball table in the game room at work.  We have a group foosball friends usually go to the game room after lunch to have some fun.  Some of us had played foosball in school, have really good skills, while the others play foosball the first time here at work.  We have been playing foosballalmost  daily over a year, practice really improves our skill.  I started as a novice player, but now I can pretty much rule the table playing against an average player.

We play foosball just to relax between work, most of us play casually to have fun.  Somehow one of my friends takes foosball quite serious.  Foosball suppose is not an vigorous game, you just have to stand next the to table doing nothing other than rotating your wrists, but this guy manage to sweat like playing a basketball game and totally exhausted after playing foosball.  I think most of us play the same amount of games.  Because this guy play really seriously every day, his skill improve much faster than us.  He started as a novice, now he is probably the best player in the group.

The more you practice the better you become, but the attitude of how you practice can make a big difference.  If you want to be good at something, not only that you have to do it a lot, you have to do it seriously.

How to order in all you can eat sushi restaurant

Many of us go to all you can eat sushi restaurants.  Ordering food could become a headache when the table is too big.  There are over hundreds of items in the menu, everyone has different preference, but we only got one ordering sheet.  So what is the most efficient way to order food?

One obviously approach is going through the list one item at a time, ask people to raise their hand and vote on how many dishes of each item should order.  This approach is very inefficient, it takes forever to go through the list while we are starving.  When the food comes, people forgot what they have ordered, so they just grab whatever they feel like eating regardless whether they have ordered it or not.  This approach forget that we can submit order more than once.  Regardless what we order in the first round, we’ll have to order the second or the third round.  Why being so picky on the first order?

A better way to order all you can eat sushi is using pipeline and narrow it down approach.  The goal of the first round is minimize the turn around time instead of getting an accurate order.  Someone just order something everyone loves, like the most expensive item on the menu, sashima or popular sushi rolls, the lowest common denominator.  Get the order into the kitchen to get the ball rolling, so that the food can show in the shortest amount of time.  While we are waiting for the first order to show up, we have more than enough time to vote on the remaining items in the menu.  Using this approach, everyone gets to eat what they like within the shortest amount of time waiting with an empty stomach.

景賢里

King Yin Lane

有七十年歷史﹐坐落在香港灣仔的景賢里﹐大慨是全港僅餘少數具中國特色紅牆綠瓦的建築物。其歷史值價相信沒有任何爭議﹐早應例入法定古蹟受到保護。在上星期業主忽然動工清拆瓦頂彫花﹐相信是趕在建築物列為古蹟前重建﹐以免四億地價見財花水。保育人士固然強烈遣責﹐政府也從善如流把景賢里例為臨時古蹟﹐勒令清拆工程馬上停止進行﹐可惜為事已晚景賢里受到無可挽救的摧殘。

報章上的評論大部份都是批評政府﹐說香港欠缺完善的古蹟保護政策﹐沒有古蹟業主商討換地賠償的機制。大伙兒一起捧打落水狗﹐打過亦不樂乎﹐反正政府這次難逃其責。有少部份評論批評業主﹐說他貪取利益無視歷史意義。不過四億不是少數目﹐在尊重產權的香港﹐總不能叫業主血本無歸。在古蹟賠償機制不清楚的情況下﹐業主先下手為強清拆建築物﹐保障自己的地產投資也是無可厚非。蘋果日報的薪果批則批評保育人士﹐認為保育團體要求激烈﹐什麼舊建築物都不能拆﹐業主被迫在被保育份子看上前清拆。陶傑撰文駁斥﹐左一句中國小農思維﹐右一句與爭取民主扯上關係﹐說得好不過癮。其實蘋果批文中的推論也是事實﹐在外國古蹟保護法例完善的地方﹐很多業主會趕在古蹟死期前重建樓宇﹐好增加地產投資的回報。蘋果批只不過用錯了元兇二字﹐誤把清拆的責任加在保育份子身上。用經濟誘因去解釋﹐業主提早清拆舊建築物﹐是加強古蹟保護法例的必然結果。

在清拆事件發生前﹐ 我從來沒有聽過香港有這橦歷史建築物。算是我不學無術﹐不過相信也沒有多少香港市民聽過。也許來香港的外國遊客﹐比我們更熟悉景賢里這個名字﹐畢竟好歹也是個旅遊景點。我寫這篇文章時心想﹐既然景賢里這麼具歷史價值﹐網上必定有很多相關資料﹐可以參考了解它的歷史﹐欣賞它的優美建築吧。很可惜我什麼也找不到﹐除了維基上短短數百字的簡介﹐以及那一千零一張遣照。其他所有資料也是新近的評論﹐照片則只有清拆後的頹垣敗瓦。保育份子早前天星皇后事件中﹐在那兩件次貨古蹟身上﹐前後浪費了不知多少個月的時間。若果他們真的是有心搞保育工作﹐就不應該柴娃娃地聚在碼頭示威﹐政府偷懶不做古蹟評估﹐難道民間保育團體就不可以做嗎﹖若果保育人士懂分輕重緩急﹐不把精神花在沒有保留價值的偽古蹟上﹐把時間放在記錄香港貨直價實的古蹟上﹐至少我們不會連景賢里的照片也沒有得看了。保育歷史固然重要﹐但揀選適合保育的對象更加重要﹐香港總不能什麼也不許拆吧。

Running the Number

What is it in the photo?

426k phone

Zoom in a bit closer.

phone zoom in

It is 426000 old cell phones Americans discard every day. The photo created by Artist Chris Jordan in his Running the Number Series showing at the Paul Kopeikin Gallery in Los Angeles. Chris Jordan try to give a new perspective of American statistics in this series by giving the number a visual meaning.

I admire his effort to increasing the public awareness of many social issues through his creative artwork.  However, just like plain old statistic on paper can lie, statistic represent in photos can also lie.  Chris twists the reality to deliver the stunting visual effect, just impress the audience without giving any meaningful interpretation of the statistics. He pick an arbitrarily very very large number to aggregate the statistic for his photos. Yet he forgot a simple fact, US has over 3 billion population. A photo full of old cell phones looks scary, but you do the math, it is only one new cell phone per person every two years, which is quite reasonable.

Here is my art work depicts half a cell phone, equal to the number of cell phones retired per person in the US every year.

.half phone

See, old cell phone is not that scary after all if you represent the statistic in the right way.