FIV

I just know cats can have AIDS too. I read it from a poster at the animal hospital when I take Charlie to see a vet. There is HIV for human and there is FIV (Feline immunodeficiency virus) for cats. There is about 10% of cats in North America are FIV infected FIV. Cats of FIV basically suffers the problem like human with HIV. Its immune system will stop working and it eventually dies from all sorts of diseases.

Condom can stop the spreading of HIV in human, maybe I should invent condom for cats, so the cats can have safe sex without the danger of having FIV. Then I did a little bit more research and it turns out FIV is transmitted by cat saliva, so my cat condom idea is not that useful. Or maybe I have to make a condom that’s is big enough for cat’s head.

Interrupt

Sometimes, you will come across task that is literally impossible to get done. You try very hard to finish the task, come up with clever (you think) solutions to work around the problem but all effort fails. Then you take a closer look at the problem and realize it really can’t be done. You can even prove it mathematically no feasible solution can ever exist. You will find yourself really stupid and wish you had spend more time analyzing the problem in the beginning instead of diving into the problem full throttle.

After spending 3 days writing several thousands lines of code that eventually have to throw away, I learn one valuable lesson: never make any attempt to create an accurate interrupt checker. It is impossible to model the exact moment when an interrupt is triggered and when it is cleared by the microprocessor.

Sponsor a child

I know many of my friends sponsor a child through World Vision. It only cost $35 a month to provide food, shelter, education and a hope to a poor kid in a third world country. This week Chalice, a program similar to World Vision but run by Catholic priests, come to our church for promotion. The priest display many photos of poor children from all over the world. Each photo come with a brief description of the child and a donation package. You can select a child and become his sponsor on the spot. Pat always want to sponsor a child. She picked a child in Bangladesh because he say he like playing cricket and Bangladesh is next to India. I guess she pick this child to make fun of me.

I am never very kin on signing up to become a sponsor. It’s indisputable a charity good deed so I am not against it. However, I think sponsor a child is only treating the symptom of the real problem, but will never solve it. It definitely makes a huge difference to the child you sponsor or other children share the same facility. But on a broader scale, it is just like fighting fire with a cup of a water. It is pretty much useless. The real problem is there are too many poor people in third world countries. Those poor children should not come to the world to suffer in the first place. Poor children grew up into poor adult who give birth to more poor children. We have to stop this vicious circle if we really want to fix the problem. I wanted to donate money to get things done right once for all, not just treating the symptom. Actually I tried to search for charity programs that focus on family planning in third world country, but I found none. Making poor people having less babies is a more noble deed than the charity work of feeding a few hungry mouths.

權利與法律 – PHIL320筆記

根據自然法的理論﹐法律賦與人民的權利﹐是基於每個人屬有的道德權利。但是每個人的道德權利並非與生俱來﹐而是建立在人的自然權利基礎之上。自然權利源於人擁有選擇的能力﹐每個人與生俱來﹐有不受別人強迫作出選擇的自由。任何人行使他的道德權利﹐其實等同於限制別人自由選擇的自然權利。只有每個人有權利某程度上限制其他人的自由﹐才能保障每個人擁有相同的自由。每一個人的道德權利﹐必定有一個相對的道德責任。不過這個不是雙向關係﹐享受別人道德責任的好處﹐並不等同擁有道德權利。

道德權利可以分為兩大類別。一般權利是自然權利的申延﹐每個人有能力自主選擇的人﹐有不受別人干預的自由的權利。特別權利是建立在自願性的特別關係之上﹐例如一個人對另一個人作出承諾﹐那前者就有履行承諾的責任﹐而後者享有以承諾限制前者自由的權利。人民參與社會契約﹐自願放棄一些自由﹐換取享受社會提供的福利﹐人民也是通過特別權利﹐去限制參與者自由﹐要他們遵守社會秩序的權利。最重要的一點﹐每個人的自然權利優先於道德權利﹐除非有合理充分的理由﹐否則以道德權力為名﹐限制他人的自然權力並不合乎道德。

道德權利優先於法律權利﹐當政府立法違反人民的道德權利時﹐人民便有反抗法律的權利。這個公民抗命的權利有兩個層面。薄權利是指人民有權違法﹐但政府仍然在道德上有權以法律懲罰違反法律的人。厚權利力則是指若果人民的道德權利受法例侵蝕﹐政府在道德上沒有懲罰違法人民的權力。注意的是訴諸良知並不等同道德權利﹐所以憑良知行為違反法律的人只有薄權利﹐政府仍然在道德上有權懲罰他們。只有在法例違反人民的道德權利時﹐如禁止言論自由或人身自由時﹐人民才有公民抗命的厚權利﹐沒有遵守不公義法律的道德責任。在厚權利下的公民抗命﹐並不會削弱法律的威嚴﹐因為削弱法律威嚴的是不乎合道德權利的惡法。

Reference:
Are There Any Natural Rights? – H.L.A. Hart
Taking Rights Seriously – Ronald Dwokin

歷史的不公義 – PHIL320筆記

歷史中曾經發生不公義的事件﹐如殖民地時代白人移民侵佔土著的土地﹐或者當年八國聯軍搶奪中國文物。當我們說一件歷史事件不公義﹐這其實是一個道德判斷。道德判斷對我們的行為有指引性﹐我們應該防止似類不公義的事件再次發生。對當年不公義事件的受害者作像徵性賠償﹐政府站出來為過去的不公義道歉﹐讓世人不要忘記歷史的教訓。可是有些人認為像徵性的賠償並不足夠﹐應該把歷史撥亂反正﹐要對受害者作出完全足額賠償﹐如白人把土地還給土著﹐侵略國把文物歸還﹐公義才能得到彰顯。可是完全性的賠償有三大問題﹐若不能解決這些問題﹐大規模的重新分配只會帶來更多的不公義。

第一個問題是歷史的應然性。物件和土地的擁有權基於歷史性﹐但是現實中沒有時光機﹐不能把回到過去重新開始。若果不公義事件在昨天去年發生﹐我們可以還可以勉強預測歷史原來發展的方向。可是不公義事件在百幾二百年前發生﹐我們根本不可能知道若果沒有發生不公義事件﹐今天歷史的發展方向會是什麼模樣。或許白人不搶奪土著的土地﹐土著也會自願把土地賣給白人﹐又或者土著在賭桌上把土地輸清光。若果中國文物沒有給運到外國﹐清庭可能自己把文物變賣﹐國民黨可能把文物搬到台灣﹐文化大革命也可能把文物破壞了。再者在不公義事件中﹐除了直接的受害者和侵佔者外﹐間接也會影響市場價格﹐那其他相關買賣也會變得不公義。因為歷史有太多偶然性﹐當中涉及太多未知的變數﹐我們根本不知道什麼才是乎合公義的現狀﹐想重新分配也無從入手。大規模的重新分配會致社會混亂﹐在現實在根本不可行。若果可以克服社會混亂的問題﹐為什麼要拘泥歷史的假設﹐不索性採用更好更平等的分配呢。

第二個問題是擁有權的時效性。根據一般法律和道德的觀念﹐擁有權並非永遠擁有﹐刑事和民事訟訴有追朔期限﹐產權也有逆權侵佔的限制。若果不公義事件發生的年代久遠﹐物件幾經轉手原主人已難以追尋﹐物件的擁有權便屬於持有人。擁有權是建立在擁有人與物件的互動關係之上﹐而非一個恆久不變的外在關係件。一個人對物件最初的擁有權﹐是建立在個人對物件的使用﹐將物件變為個人生命計劃的一部份。當個人失去物件後﹐物件在個人生命中的地位﹐會隨著時間減弱。而同一時間該物件在新擁有人生命中的地位漸漸增加。經過一段很長的時間後﹐原主人會完全失去物件的擁有權﹐擁有權便轉移到新的持有人手上。

第三個問題是擁有權會因為環境轉變而失效。一個人對物件有最初擁有權﹐是基於沒有其他人擁有這件物件﹐而把物件私有化並不會影響他人。可是隨著環境的轉變﹐不再乎合最初擁有權的條件﹐那擁有權隨之亦會失效。例如在某村落中有很多井﹐個人可以擁有某口井的權利﹐禁止其他人在他的井中取水。但當環境轉變﹐村落的井受到污染不能飲用﹐只餘下一口可以使用的井。這時候該井的擁有人﹐並沒有權利禁止他人取水﹐或以天價賣水謀取暴利﹐換一句話說他喪失那口井的擁有權。在土著土地的例子﹐在幾百年前有大量荒野土地﹐在不影響他人的條件下﹐所以土著擁有那片土地。可以現代人口膨脹﹐土地供不應求﹐土著喪失土地的擁有權﹐要把土地拿出來和移民分享。先到先得決定擁有權帶有隨機性﹐亦無視其他人的需要﹐所以不付合公義的原則。

Reference:
Superseding Historic Injustice – Jeremy Waldron