A History of Christian Thought – Paul Tillich

A History of Christian Thought

田立克是二十世紀四大神學家之一﹐去年基督教人文學會舉辨網上讀書組﹐閱讀他的名著基督教思想史。這是難得學習基督教歷史的好機會﹐我二話不說便立即報名參加了。這次參加讀書組雖然獲益良多﹐但過程只可以用痛苦來形容。閱讀田立克這本神學巨著並不容易﹐特別對我這個神學的門外漢。既然下了決心要看畢全書﹐便每星期按進度表閱讀﹐並寫下閱讀筆記幫助理解內容。我在閱讀小組所花的時間﹐大慨足夠讀大學兩課的學分。我看書的速度已經比常人快﹐但也要花一小時才讀二十頁左右﹐實在需要時間去嚼咀吸收書中的解釋。每章我至少看了三次﹐第一次速讀繪畫記憶地圖﹐第二次細心閱讀跟隨默絡﹐第三次綜合整理知識寫下筆記。讀書小組進行到四分三時﹐我因去印度工幹事忙﹐跟不上閱讀度﹐險些兒就此半途而廢。雖然讀書小組早已完結了﹐最近兩個月我還是重新拿起書來﹐努力地完成餘下的章節。很高興我能夠堅持到底﹐成為讀書組中少數能夠完成此巨著的人。

這本書分為兩個部份﹐第一部份是田立克所寫的大學課本﹐從耶穌之前開始一直到宗教改革為止。第二部份是他大學的講義﹐教授近三百年的神學發展。第一部內容雖然艱深﹐但內容編排很有組織很嚴緊﹐讀起來只要肯花心機就會明白。第二部的內容則有點混亂﹐雖然大至上順著時間線﹐但在不同課題間跳來跳去﹐讓讀者有點無所適從。第一部份的內容比較少爭議性﹐畢竟那是有幾百甚至幾千年歷史的神學觀念﹐其中的優點缺點早有定案﹐作者可以比較客觀地如實陳述爭論。第二部份的內容主觀成份較強﹐可能有些神學觀與作者本身的思想有衡突。有時我也分不清那些是其他神學家原來的意思﹐那此是作者加上去補充或辯駁的想法。

這本書並不是靈修書藉﹐讀完不會覺得心靈充實﹐也不感覺與神的關係更加親近。這是一本純學術性的讀物﹐滿足讀者的求知慾﹐解釋一些在教會沒有人會去問﹐只會視為理所當然的神學前設。這些形上問題可以說毫不重要﹐對教徒沒有任何實用價值﹐不會影響教徒的日常生活。但同時也可以說是非常重要﹐因為若不弄清楚最基礎的神學理論﹐整個基督教架構在空氣之上﹐一切信心和行為也沒有任何意義。若從現代的眼光去看﹐同是相信耶穌相信聖經的教派﹐卻有完全不同神學理論很奇怪。不過若放回歷史默絡中去看﹐每次教義出現不同的轉變﹐也是為了解答當時教會面對的一些難題﹐去修正原有教義的毛病。未讀此書時當我遇到一些我不認同的神學理論﹐我總是下意識地認定那理論有違真理。現在則眼光廣闊了﹐神學理論本身不是問題﹐只是另一個神學問題的答案。重點是找出那個相應的問題﹐否則只是推翻了不認同的神學理論﹐還是解決不了原先要解決的問題﹐除非能夠找到一個更好的答案。

書本的內容在此我不再重覆﹐有興趣的朋友可以參看我的閱讀筆記﹕

序章 – 教義的慨念
第一部
第一章 – 基督教的準備
第二章 – 早期教會的神學發展
第二章 – 早期教會與諾斯底主義
第二章 – 新柏拉圖主義
第二章 – 三位一體的爭論
第二章 – 基督論問題
第二章 – 聖奧古斯丁的生平思想
第三章 – 中世紀神學源流
第四章 – 從天特會議到今天的天主教會
第五章 – 馬丁路德的神學
第五章 – 慈運理的神學
第五章 – 加爾文的神學
第六章 – 新教神學的發展
第二部
第一章 – 正統神學、虔敬主義和理性主義
第二章 – 啟蒙運動及其問題
第二章 – 古典主義與浪漫主義對啟蒙運動的反抗
第三章 – 普遍綜合的崩潰(上)
第三章 – 普遍綜合的崩潰(中)
第三章 – 普遍綜合的崩潰(下)
第五章 – 調解的新方式 (上)
第五章 – 調解的新方式 (下)

基督教思想史第二部 – 第五章:調解的新方式 (下)

哈納克
哈納克(Harnack)是Ritschlain學派的重要人物。他的著名教義的歷史(History of Dogma)﹐提出很多今天仍解決不到的神學難題。早期教會決定教義時﹐引用了很多希臘哲學的思想。他並為諾斯底主義翻案﹐指出諾斯底主義不完是無稽之談﹐是配合當時民情的想法﹐不失為解釋救贖問題的神學嘗試。基督教反對諾斯底主義的原因﹐是諾斯底主義反對舊約﹐善神邪神的二元論世界觀。他的另外一本著作什麼是基督教(What is Christianity)﹐指出跳出教義的限制﹐又不會失去基督的訊息。他提出應該要分辨清楚耶穌說的福音和後世寫關於耶穌的福音。這成為自由神學常用方程式﹐指出關於耶穌的福音﹐沒有包括耶穌說的福音。

神學中的各種運動
最後一節田立克簡介其他新興神學運動﹐每個運動只有一兩段的描述﹐並沒有足夠資料去理解其內容。他只是指引神學界的新發展﹐讓讀者自行尋找更多相關資料。第一個是路德復興運動﹐反對自由神學把神刪減剩道德功用。第二個是聖誕真實運動﹐反對向聖經作出歷史批判。第三個是激進派﹐認為要把聖經還原本貌﹐
刪去保羅和約翰加添入聖經的元素。第四個是Butlmann的把聖經去神話化運動。第五個是宗教歷史運動﹐用宗教歷史的角度去分析基督教。第六個是Troeltsch研究宗教意義與人類思維的關係。第七個是宗教社會主義﹐認為在教會外社會中也要推行神的公義。第八個是Karl Barth。第九個是二十世紀存在主義。

  • 全書完 –

Be careful what you ask for

This is the second speech in the Toastmaster humorously speaking manual, leave them with a smile. The objective of this project is to prepare a serious speech that opens and closes with humorous stories and the closing story should reemphasizes the speech’s main point.

Dear Mr. chairman, fellow toastmasters, honored guest. Last year I spent almost 3 months living in India for my project. When I am in Bangalore, the company put us in a service apartment with maids come to do cleaning everyday. Just like any places in developing countries, our apartment have cockroaches problem. Everyday after work, we have to hunt down the cockroaches, kill them brutally with shoes or flash lights. One day we are tried of being crude to the cockroaches, so we took out a Ziploc contain to catch a cockroach. We don’t know what to do with the cockroach we caught, obviously we can’t keep it as a house pet. Next morning, we leave the container on the table and told the maid to get rid of cockroach. When we come home that day, the cockroach is gone, but to our surprise we found the Ziploc box went back to the cupboard with all other clean dishes.

PMC Sierra is a global company. We have design centers around the world. Effective communication among the team members across different sites is one of our daily challenge. Many of us are working on projects with team members in different countries with a different cultural background. Culture affect how people think and affect how people act. Aware the cultural difference can minimize misunderstanding in our communication.

Most of us grow up in Canada, we assume a North America cultural perspective. Sometimes we are not aware of the cultural difference when we talk to people in other countries. We take it for granted that our listeners can understood our message in the way that we expect. We are not aware of a subtle difference in the language we use can have a totally different meaning to a person coming from a different culture background. Be careful what you ask for. You will get exactly what you asked, but not really want you want.

Developing the culture sense is not an easy task. It takes time and experience to learn how to work smoothly with people in different culture. I would like to share a tip on better communication across difference culture. Here is the rule of thumb. When you in doubt, always ask for confirmation. Don’t just ask a yes or no question. Often you will get a yes, even though your listen has no clue what you are talking about. Ask your listen repeat your message in his own words. You can sense whether he gets it or not. If he fails to get it, you just rephrase your message with different expression. After a few trials, your listener should grasp the meaning of your message.

I would like to conclude my speech with another story. The Bangalore office has a cafeteria, just like our cafeteria down stairs, its menu does not many choices. To make it worse, it only serves Indian food. Everyday, I can choose to have red curry, orange curry or yellow curry for lunch. After a few weeks of having curry for lunch. I am sick of the lack of variety. I asked the kitchen staff, do they have a different menu. The kitchen staff said he can bring in some sandwich for me tomorrow. I gladly take the offer and order a chicken sandwich. The next day, when I go to lunch in the cafeteria, the kitchen staff has a brown paper lunch bag ready for me. I am eager to try something else other than curry for lunch. I open my lunch bag and inside I found … a curry chicken sandwich.

Languages

Top 10 langauges

I just read a report on the World’s 10 most influential languages. I found the statistic quite interesting and I would like to share some of my observation. The report is created by George Weber. It is one of the most cited paper in linguistic or cultural journals. The paper ranked the influence of languages base on the following criteria:

1. Number of primary speakers
2. Number of secondary speakers
3. Number and population of countries using the language
4. Number of major areas of human acitivity in which the language is important
5. Economic power of countries using the language
6. Socio-literary prestige of the language

To no one’s surprise, English is the world’s most influential language. It is very likely that English will become THE international language as the lingua francas, the mean of communication between people speaking different languages. Most people learn English as their default second language. I am surprise that number of second language speakers of French is even higher than English. French was the de facto language in Europe in the past few centuries, although it has lost most of its glory. The two major advantages of English are its official language status in many countries and the economy power of English-speaking countries. To my surprise, even though US and England are two most prominent English speaking countries, they do not have an official language.

Chinese ranked number 6, but its future is quite worrying. Chinese is the mother tongue for most people among all the languages, but it is not influential outside its own people. It seems the Chinese speaker don’t really care about spreading the influence of Chinese. Foreigners come to China are not expected to know Chinese, we are happily talking to them in English. Although we appreciate foreigners make effort to learn the language, but not really appreciate when they succeed. We are so proud of speaking a language so complex that others could not master.

There are three truly international languages: English, French and Arabic. Both of the former two have Latin roots, so they close to each other in the linguistic family tree. My bet is that English will replace French over time in term of influence. French will become a regional language like Russian or Spanish. Arabic has a different linguistic eco-system that is totally independent of the West. Its spread and use is mostly base on Muslim and the study of Koran. Here is my prediction for World languages usage in 22nd century. Most of the minority language, especially those without any official status, will mostly disappear. Major languages with sufficient population will remain prosper within the host country or even become dominant in regional level. English and Arabic would be the remaining two languages compete on the global level with English has a substantial lead. The clash of civilization will be between the English-world, including all the countries happily embrace learning English, and the Arabic-world that refuse globalization fueled with Muslim’s anit-Western mentality.

Weekend overtime

Weekend overtime only means one thing, the incompetent of the management. This weekend I have to work overtime. It is not just checking emails or dealing with unexpected emergencies. I was asked to come into the office and work like a work day. A block in the project is really late, so I am parachuted to help out in the crunch time. When I was in the office, our VP came by and check who is working overtime. He even ask how come the guy sit next to me is not in today! Gee, didn’t he realize it’s a weekend. He sounds like I should work overtime because the project is late. I bet it never come across his mind that the project late because he made some bad decision 6 months ago.

The block I am working on is a very complicate block and it is understaffed since the beginning. The management only assign two engineers working on it, and ignore their screaming for help since day one. Two months before the project deadline, they suddenly wake up and realize the block is on critical path. So they pile 13 people to work on the block. A task requires 1 man working 2 months won’t get done with 8 men in 1 week. It takes 9 months for a woman to give birth to a baby, 9 women won’t give birth to a baby in 1 month. It seems the management never learn important the lessons of mythical man months and the employees have to pay for their mistake by working work time.