基督教思想史第二部 – 第五章:調解的新方式 (下)

哈納克
哈納克(Harnack)是Ritschlain學派的重要人物。他的著名教義的歷史(History of Dogma)﹐提出很多今天仍解決不到的神學難題。早期教會決定教義時﹐引用了很多希臘哲學的思想。他並為諾斯底主義翻案﹐指出諾斯底主義不完是無稽之談﹐是配合當時民情的想法﹐不失為解釋救贖問題的神學嘗試。基督教反對諾斯底主義的原因﹐是諾斯底主義反對舊約﹐善神邪神的二元論世界觀。他的另外一本著作什麼是基督教(What is Christianity)﹐指出跳出教義的限制﹐又不會失去基督的訊息。他提出應該要分辨清楚耶穌說的福音和後世寫關於耶穌的福音。這成為自由神學常用方程式﹐指出關於耶穌的福音﹐沒有包括耶穌說的福音。

神學中的各種運動
最後一節田立克簡介其他新興神學運動﹐每個運動只有一兩段的描述﹐並沒有足夠資料去理解其內容。他只是指引神學界的新發展﹐讓讀者自行尋找更多相關資料。第一個是路德復興運動﹐反對自由神學把神刪減剩道德功用。第二個是聖誕真實運動﹐反對向聖經作出歷史批判。第三個是激進派﹐認為要把聖經還原本貌﹐
刪去保羅和約翰加添入聖經的元素。第四個是Butlmann的把聖經去神話化運動。第五個是宗教歷史運動﹐用宗教歷史的角度去分析基督教。第六個是Troeltsch研究宗教意義與人類思維的關係。第七個是宗教社會主義﹐認為在教會外社會中也要推行神的公義。第八個是Karl Barth。第九個是二十世紀存在主義。

  • 全書完 –

Be careful what you ask for

This is the second speech in the Toastmaster humorously speaking manual, leave them with a smile. The objective of this project is to prepare a serious speech that opens and closes with humorous stories and the closing story should reemphasizes the speech’s main point.

Dear Mr. chairman, fellow toastmasters, honored guest. Last year I spent almost 3 months living in India for my project. When I am in Bangalore, the company put us in a service apartment with maids come to do cleaning everyday. Just like any places in developing countries, our apartment have cockroaches problem. Everyday after work, we have to hunt down the cockroaches, kill them brutally with shoes or flash lights. One day we are tried of being crude to the cockroaches, so we took out a Ziploc contain to catch a cockroach. We don’t know what to do with the cockroach we caught, obviously we can’t keep it as a house pet. Next morning, we leave the container on the table and told the maid to get rid of cockroach. When we come home that day, the cockroach is gone, but to our surprise we found the Ziploc box went back to the cupboard with all other clean dishes.

PMC Sierra is a global company. We have design centers around the world. Effective communication among the team members across different sites is one of our daily challenge. Many of us are working on projects with team members in different countries with a different cultural background. Culture affect how people think and affect how people act. Aware the cultural difference can minimize misunderstanding in our communication.

Most of us grow up in Canada, we assume a North America cultural perspective. Sometimes we are not aware of the cultural difference when we talk to people in other countries. We take it for granted that our listeners can understood our message in the way that we expect. We are not aware of a subtle difference in the language we use can have a totally different meaning to a person coming from a different culture background. Be careful what you ask for. You will get exactly what you asked, but not really want you want.

Developing the culture sense is not an easy task. It takes time and experience to learn how to work smoothly with people in different culture. I would like to share a tip on better communication across difference culture. Here is the rule of thumb. When you in doubt, always ask for confirmation. Don’t just ask a yes or no question. Often you will get a yes, even though your listen has no clue what you are talking about. Ask your listen repeat your message in his own words. You can sense whether he gets it or not. If he fails to get it, you just rephrase your message with different expression. After a few trials, your listener should grasp the meaning of your message.

I would like to conclude my speech with another story. The Bangalore office has a cafeteria, just like our cafeteria down stairs, its menu does not many choices. To make it worse, it only serves Indian food. Everyday, I can choose to have red curry, orange curry or yellow curry for lunch. After a few weeks of having curry for lunch. I am sick of the lack of variety. I asked the kitchen staff, do they have a different menu. The kitchen staff said he can bring in some sandwich for me tomorrow. I gladly take the offer and order a chicken sandwich. The next day, when I go to lunch in the cafeteria, the kitchen staff has a brown paper lunch bag ready for me. I am eager to try something else other than curry for lunch. I open my lunch bag and inside I found … a curry chicken sandwich.

Languages

Top 10 langauges

I just read a report on the World’s 10 most influential languages. I found the statistic quite interesting and I would like to share some of my observation. The report is created by George Weber. It is one of the most cited paper in linguistic or cultural journals. The paper ranked the influence of languages base on the following criteria:

1. Number of primary speakers
2. Number of secondary speakers
3. Number and population of countries using the language
4. Number of major areas of human acitivity in which the language is important
5. Economic power of countries using the language
6. Socio-literary prestige of the language

To no one’s surprise, English is the world’s most influential language. It is very likely that English will become THE international language as the lingua francas, the mean of communication between people speaking different languages. Most people learn English as their default second language. I am surprise that number of second language speakers of French is even higher than English. French was the de facto language in Europe in the past few centuries, although it has lost most of its glory. The two major advantages of English are its official language status in many countries and the economy power of English-speaking countries. To my surprise, even though US and England are two most prominent English speaking countries, they do not have an official language.

Chinese ranked number 6, but its future is quite worrying. Chinese is the mother tongue for most people among all the languages, but it is not influential outside its own people. It seems the Chinese speaker don’t really care about spreading the influence of Chinese. Foreigners come to China are not expected to know Chinese, we are happily talking to them in English. Although we appreciate foreigners make effort to learn the language, but not really appreciate when they succeed. We are so proud of speaking a language so complex that others could not master.

There are three truly international languages: English, French and Arabic. Both of the former two have Latin roots, so they close to each other in the linguistic family tree. My bet is that English will replace French over time in term of influence. French will become a regional language like Russian or Spanish. Arabic has a different linguistic eco-system that is totally independent of the West. Its spread and use is mostly base on Muslim and the study of Koran. Here is my prediction for World languages usage in 22nd century. Most of the minority language, especially those without any official status, will mostly disappear. Major languages with sufficient population will remain prosper within the host country or even become dominant in regional level. English and Arabic would be the remaining two languages compete on the global level with English has a substantial lead. The clash of civilization will be between the English-world, including all the countries happily embrace learning English, and the Arabic-world that refuse globalization fueled with Muslim’s anit-Western mentality.

Weekend overtime

Weekend overtime only means one thing, the incompetent of the management. This weekend I have to work overtime. It is not just checking emails or dealing with unexpected emergencies. I was asked to come into the office and work like a work day. A block in the project is really late, so I am parachuted to help out in the crunch time. When I was in the office, our VP came by and check who is working overtime. He even ask how come the guy sit next to me is not in today! Gee, didn’t he realize it’s a weekend. He sounds like I should work overtime because the project is late. I bet it never come across his mind that the project late because he made some bad decision 6 months ago.

The block I am working on is a very complicate block and it is understaffed since the beginning. The management only assign two engineers working on it, and ignore their screaming for help since day one. Two months before the project deadline, they suddenly wake up and realize the block is on critical path. So they pile 13 people to work on the block. A task requires 1 man working 2 months won’t get done with 8 men in 1 week. It takes 9 months for a woman to give birth to a baby, 9 women won’t give birth to a baby in 1 month. It seems the management never learn important the lessons of mythical man months and the employees have to pay for their mistake by working work time.

基督教思想史第二部 – 第五章:調解的新方式 (上)

十九世紀後期綜合神學崩潰﹐扭曲神學的基本要素﹐令神學陷入虛無主義的危機。傳統神學無力要對歷史批判和哲學批判﹐任何神學思想也受到質疑。於是神學家嘗試找出調解的新方法﹐回答如何能夠肯定基督教思想的問題。

經驗與聖經信息
德國的Erlangen學派認為應以宗教經驗主導。客觀的真相可以受到質疑﹐但經驗能夠超越主觀和客觀的分野。人能夠憑藉遇上神的經驗﹐去確認神在內心處的存在。新舊約事件的歷史真確性﹐可以用其對我的影響來保證。基督教沒有教宗和教庭的權威﹐所以要尋找神學根據的問題。可是天主教也同樣有神學根據的問題﹐天主教也要通過聖靈的經驗﹐來肯定教會的權威。我們不能用歷史去回答耶穌的問題﹐因為歷史沒有百份百的答案﹐或多或少也留有懷疑的空間。可是若我們說發生在自身的改變時﹐我們就是在說宗教經驗。

神學家Martin Kahler認為主觀的宗教經驗還不足夠﹐還要配合客觀上聖經的見證。換一句話說﹐就是我們要接受人非無限性﹐人不可能對宗教有絕對的肯定。他認為人的罪不單是道德上的罪﹐還是智慧上的罪﹐因此疑懷神並不會使我們與神分離。他認為人不能通過歷史﹐只能通過信心﹐去找尋真實的耶穌。人對耶穌的信心﹐是獨立放新約本身的歷史可信性之外。

「回到康德去」運動
Ritschlian學派主張重返康德的神學﹐因為康德的先驗性道德準則﹐能夠讓人超越有限性。這神學反對任何形式的神秘主義﹐包括上一段說的經驗神學﹐把信心建立在歷史的真實性之上﹐他認為宗教是喚醒人的道德。基督教的功用就是道德可能性﹐而聖神只可以從道德中浮現出來。這神學從本體論的爭議中撒退﹐退到道德哲學﹐救贖的功用是精神對自然的勝利。 在這神學否定神的力量﹐把神的慨念簡約為愛﹐救贖簡化為寬恕﹐刪減審判和神的憤怒在現實的虔誠。這學一脈相承啟蒙主義﹐康德哲學和整過人文精神的傳統。