Moral of a story

Today in Toastmasters, I gave a speech telling a moral of a story. It is about how a grumpy old man drive away children playing outside his house.

Mr. Smith is successful businessman. He is the boss of a small but profitable company in town. He has one strange habit. He couldn’t stand noise. He wants the place nice and quiet all the time. He is the boss of the company, so his employee has to lower their voice all the time. Everything is fine until the day he retire. In the first day of his retirement, he woke up by noise outside of his house. He looked through the window. He saw children form the neighborhood are playing outside his house. The children are riding bicycling, chasing each other around, yelling and screaming and making lots of noise. The noise is driving Mr. Smith crazy. He wants to go outside and tell the kids to shut up and leave him alone. As a business man, he knew it won’t work. The kids will simply ignore him and label him the grumpy old man in the block, and he will being a laugh stocks among the neighbors. So he came up with an idea.

He go outside of his house and gathering the children around. He says to them, “I love having children play outside of my house, your laughters really cheers up my day. Here is 25 cents for each of you to show my gratitudes. Please come and play for me more.” Receiving the money, the children are cheer in joy and continue their play. The next day, Mr Smith gather the children outside his house again and says, “Thank you so much for play for me. However, I am a retired old man, I cannot afford much money. Here is 15 cents for each of you showing my sincerity.” The children are a little dismay about the cut in the reward, but 15 cents is still go money, so they disband in joy and continue their play. On the third day, Mr. Smith gather the children again and says, “I am really broke today and I can only afford 5 cents to have you kids playing for me.” At the point, the children are really upset for receiving so little money and they tell Mr. Smith, “What! Only 5 cents. What a mean old man. We are not going to play for you anymore. Let move out play in the end of the street.” Finally, Mr. Smith can enjoy his relaxing, nice and quiet day.

The moral of this story: Sometimes the withdraw of positive reinforcement is as effective as negative reinforcement.  Another moral of this story: Don’t get conditioned for doing something that you like.  Remember why you do it in the first place, you do it for the fun of doing it, not other rewards.  The rewards are just bonus, don’t let it bother you.

Exam

When I was driving home today, I listened to the phone-in radio program.  It was talking about the provincial government is planning to introduce standardized test to grade 4 and grade 7 school children.  The teacher union oppose this idea, saying that will increase their work load and more test will give pressure to the children which is not good for their development.  They worry that in order to get good grades, the children have to work on drills for the test instead of learning real stuff.  Some audience phoned in supporting the teachers and say practicing for exam is a waste of time.  I think that audience is either out of school for too long or he is fairly uneducated, otherwise whom would believe the BS of the teacher.  I understand the teachers may be overworked by the new tests, which it is fair to request more resource to cope with the extra teaching requirements.  However, please don’t trash talk the new tests system just because you want to have less work.  Exam techniques is one of the most valuable skill I have learned in school.  You may have studied very hard and learned all the stuff in the textbooks, but you don’t do well in the exam, who knows you knows the syllabus well?  Exam techniques helps you to boost your grade and make yourself more representable.  In fact, you are tested not only when you  apply for university, you will be tested if you want to enter grad school, become a professional, or get any kind of license or certificate.  Therefore, learning exam technique in early age is a good investment that will pay back handsomely in one’s lifetime.

Project Advance

I just renew my pledge of monthly donation to Project Advance of the Archdiocese of Vancouver. I rarely give money to church or religious institutes.  Project Advance is an exemption, which I keep donating money every year.

I refuse to pay for the Sunday donation that usually go to the operating cost of the church. One would say it is fair to donate since you use the church and you should share the cost of running the church. However, I don’t go church out of my free will. Going to church every week just a sentence prescribe to all Christians in the Bible. I would prefer not going to church and help cut down the cost. It is unfair to ask a prisoner pay for his expenses in the prison, so it is unfair ask me to donate to the church’s expense. I will let those who enjoy going to church pay for the bills in exchange for the happiness they get from the church. In fact if happiness and donation is proportional, I think the church should reimburse me.

On the other hand, money goes to the Project Advance is used meaningfully. It helps finance the youth program, catechism class for special need people, running various Catholic charity, schools and building new churches. In short, Project Advance is a brand building project for the Catholic Church. I belongs to the Catholic Church and I choose to be a Catholic, or least I choose to still being one. The image of the Church is directly related to the satisfaction I gain from my Catholic identity. Therefore, I feel obligated to share my duty in growing the Church.

PHIL242 Philosophy of Art 藝術哲學

PHIL242 什麼是藝術﹖如何去分辨一件藝術的好壞﹖美是什麼﹖這三個問題就是藝術哲學要解答的課題。這個學期我修讀了藝術哲學這一課﹐對於我這個對藝術一竅不通的人﹐這堂課讀起來有點兒吃力。教授在課堂上常引用古今藝術家的作品作為例子﹐年份遠的還好些﹐雖然不知道那些藝術家的作品有什麼特色﹐至少我曾聽過他們的名字。那些二十世紀以後的現代藝術家﹐絕大部份我也不認識。班上對藝術素有研究的同學﹐不論是音樂電影小說還是詩﹐也可以如數家珍般和教授侃侃而談﹐真的令人自愧不如。幸好不用懂得藝術才可以明白藝術哲學的那些理論﹐對藝術有認識不過是舉子例時比較方便些吧。

這科是藝術哲學的入門課程﹐課程內容主要是為學生總括藝術哲學的發展﹐由古希臘哲學開始一直教到現代哲學﹐每堂介紹一個哲學家和他的思想。可惜由於時間關係﹐只能教到二十世紀早期的理論﹐我要自己修讀課本中的後現代藝術理論。藝術哲學在十九世紀以前﹐並不是一門獨立的哲學﹐只不過是哲學家的世界觀中﹐不可分割的一小部份。因為他們認為藝術是代表世界的一部份﹐這些藝術哲學可以歸類為具像主義(representationalism)﹐分別只是藝術代表的到底是什麼。到了十九世紀的表現主義(expressionism)和形式主義(formalism)﹐藝術哲學才獨立於其他哲學之外﹐探討藝術的本質和定義。二十世紀後半部的藝術理論更加多姿多采﹐不過藝術哲學理論則專門細分。最特別是分析主義(analyticalism)和學院主義(insituitionalism)﹐把藝術的傳統定義反轉過來。現代人在生活中必定會接觸到藝術﹐每個人對藝術也有不同的見解﹐為藝術下定義品評高低美醜﹐那其實我們已經不自感地跟套用某些哲學家的藝術理論。只是我們在說藝術是什麼的時候﹐忽略了建立那些藝術理論的推論基礎﹐亦沒有察覺那些理論背後存在的問題。

有些人不喜歡藝術﹐認為藝術無聊﹐既沒有用處亦不能增進知識。這個說法在今天大慨不甚流行﹐說出來很像沒有文化的樣子。其實這思想可以追溯至古希臘偉大哲學柏拉圖(Plato)的哲學。柏拉圖是西方哲學的第一人﹐差不多所有哲學問題總有他的份兒。他的藝術理論源於他的世界觀﹐他認為世界只是幻像﹐是世界外完美形像的倒影。藝術是在模仿世上的東西﹐豈不是完美形像翻版再翻版﹐讓我們更加遠離真實。加上柏拉圖本身是一個理性主義者﹐他認為感情對社會有害﹐而藝術正重感情而輕理性﹐因此藝術不應該鼓勵。以現代人的眼光去看﹐沒有多少人會全盤接受柏拉圖的世界觀。大慨自他以後的哲學家﹐已沒有多少人像他對藝術的這般抗拒﹐多多少少也會肯定藝術的價值。

對現代藝術有影響最深的表現主義和形式主義﹐則可以追溯至另一個古希臘偉大哲學家亞里士多德(Aristotle)的藝術理論。他肯定藝術在人類知識中的地位﹐他的藝術理論重點是於如何分辨藝術品是好壞。他建立一套四層架構理論﹐從媒體﹐形式﹐表達方法和最終目的去分析藝術﹐大慨他的理論是所有現代藝術評論的原型。亞里士多德認為藝術能帶給觀眾享受和經驗﹐通過藝術觀眾可以吸收到感性上的知識。表現主義和形式主義均認同亞里士多德的想法﹐他們是分歧在於分辨藝術好壞的標準。表現主義認為藝術是心靈的交流﹐藝術家藉著藝術品表達其感情﹐藝術是好壞全取決於觀眾的反應。形式主義則認為藝術的好壞取決於藝術本身的結構﹐美學的判斷獨立存在於藝術品之中﹐不受藝術家或觀眾的影響。若結構中包含美學感情﹐則是一件好的藝術品。舉個例子﹐表現主義認為一齣悲劇若能觸動觀眾的心靈﹐觀眾看罷若能夠感同身受地落睙﹐則是一件好的藝術。形式主義則認上述那齣悲劇就算在沒有人的影院放映﹐沒有任何觀眾的反應﹐因為本身的結構帶著美學感情﹐所以依然是一件好的藝術。表達主義的問題是藝術的定義太廣﹐與我們日常生活中藝術的定義不乎。沒有多少人會認為無記的婆媽商業催淚電視劇是藝術﹐更加沒有人會認同早前美國校園槍擊案兇手發佈的影帶是藝術。可是跟據表達主義對藝術的定義﹐至少從觀眾的反應來看﹐這兩者也是好的藝術。形式主義的問題則是答完等於無答﹐說有美學感情的結構就是好藝術﹐但什麼才是美學感情的結構呢﹖

社會上最普遍對藝術的態度是淘治性情和增加個人修養﹐人生要追求的目標是真善美﹐而美追求正好通過藝術來實現。這想法可以追溯至新柏拉圖主義(neo-platonism)和中世紀的神學觀。他們認為藝術也是認知的一種﹐通過藝術我們才可以感受到那份不可言語的美﹐套用宗教上的說法﹐就是藝術讓我們更加認識神。肯定藝術的價值不是壞事﹐不過這些藝術論理太過抽象﹐完全脫離現實幫不到我們。像是要去一個地方﹐只告訴我們地址是不夠﹐我們還需要一份地圖啊﹗沒有人反對我們對藝術要有追求之心﹐但問題是什麼東西才算是藝術呢﹐總不成什麼狗屎垃圾可以也當成藝術去追求吧。

另一種也很普遍對藝術的態度是美醜是個人的主觀判斷﹐只是一個相對的觀念。我認為是美的東西﹐另一個人可以認為是醜﹐反之亦然。這個問題由經驗主義者莫休(Hume)最先提出﹐他把美學判斷定義為品味(taste)的經驗。他的藝術理論最初是反駁另一經驗主義哲學家哈奇森(Hutcheson)的理論。哈奇森認為人類對美醜的經驗﹐就如其他五官的經驗一樣﹐是有普世的共通性。他提出內在經驗的慨念﹐正如每個人也有眼睛看事物﹐耳朵聽東西﹐每個人的腦內也有一個與生俱來感受美醜的迴路。問題是五官的外在經驗可以很輕易驗證﹐除非盲了一定看到同樣的畫面﹐除非聾了就一定聽到同樣的聲音﹐但事實上卻沒有劃一的美醜標準。莫休提出了美醜的判斷與味覺上好不好吃其實一樣﹐有些人喜歡吃辣﹐有些人喜歡吃甜。單這個說法本身沒有問題﹐可是申延出來的推論就很有問題。若美醜只是相對的觀念﹐每個人之間也有不同定義的話﹐則說藝術的美或醜將變成是沒有意義的夢囈。味品只是腦中隨機生產出來的慨念﹐並不包含任何認知的意義﹐美或醜只是在描述腦中的心理狀態﹐與被評審的藝術品毫無關係。可是現實生活中﹐我們卻假定美醜是有標準的﹐說一件東西美或醜時﹐我們會搬出百般理由去支持自己的審美眼光是正確﹐並去說服別人認同自己的意見。於是這就產生了一個自相矛盾的宭境﹐一方面我們在語言上當美醜是有標準﹐但另一方面心中又認定美醜其實沒有任何標準。

藝術在於打破常規的說法源於康德(Kant)的藝術理論﹐他認為藝術好壞是決定於世間的規則﹐天材則是打破常規開創新規則的人。康德的世界觀十分複雜﹐單是先驗知識與後驗知識的分類就已經讓人頭大﹐簡單來說他把理性主義和經驗主義結合﹐藝術與其他的認知一樣﹐也屬於他的知讓系統的一部份。另一個十分難懂的哲學家是黑格爾(Hegel)﹐他的歷史辯證論大家也常聽見﹐多數用來裝飾共產黨的八股文。他說藝術是歷史發展的必然方向﹐所有藝術皆要從歷史和文化的脈絡中去理解﹐是人類集體精神面貌的展現。可是這兩位哲學家的哲學系統架空於現實﹐成為一個完全自給自足的內證系統。這些大道理雖然沒有人看得明白﹐但聽起來很著實好聽。最詭異是不論你的藝術立場如何﹐也可以引用他們的理論來為你的立場背書。舉個例子﹐如討論一件新作品是不是藝術時﹐不論支持或是反對的雙方﹐也可以說這是因為歷史發展的必然方向。至於當中前後兩句的因果關係﹐倒沒有多少人會認真提問。

有一個說法﹐好的藝術必須有多重意義﹐每一次欣賞時也有不同的領悟。好的藝術不能只有膚淺表面的意義﹐深層的意義是要花心思才可以發掘出來。這是源於羅斯金(Ruskin)的藝術哲學﹐他認為藝術的好壞﹐取決於欣賞者是認知程度。越好的藝術包含越多的意義﹐亦需要越高程度的觀眾才懂得欣賞。某程度上這個理論沒有問題﹐但推論下去卻會得出一個奇怪的結論。越好的藝術是越少人懂得欣賞﹐最好最完美的藝術則沒有人懂得欣賞。只是如果沒有人懂得欣賞的話﹐這算是那門子的藝術。最好的例子大慨是些曲高清寡只有小貓三四入場的所謂藝術電影﹐到底是垃圾還是藝術呢﹖

一些民間藝術團體﹐常常批評政府捨得花錢起美術館﹐請外國著名劇團來演出﹐也不肯花錢資助本土藝術。他們大慨會很喜歡托夫斯基(Tolstoy﹐ 戰爭與和平的作者)的藝術哲學。他批評傳統的高檔藝術﹐如歌劇交響樂等﹐不是真正的藝術﹐只不過是有錢人的玩意。他的藝術觀十分草根﹐反對運用大量的美學技巧﹐他認為藝術應該是簡單的生活表達﹐可以透過群眾的共同感受凝聚社會文化。不過民間藝術團體不要開心太早﹐全無保留地支持他的藝術思想。托夫斯基藝術觀也有不少問題﹐一來是笵圍太窄﹐把大部份我們日常認為是藝術的東西稱為偽術﹐二來藝術變相降格為服務社會的手段﹐失去藝術原有崇高的地位。最重要是他反對政府撥款支持任何藝術活動﹐要出於市民自發才是真正的藝術。托夫斯基反對藝術專業化﹐他認為業餘才能保存的藝術的真諦﹐若把為藝術當作生活就會脫離群眾基礎成為偽術。這正正是對那些終日遊手好閒﹐想納稅人養活他們的本土藝術家一記迎頭重擊。那些本土藝術家口口聲聲說自己植根民眾﹐但在托夫斯基心中﹐他們何嘗不是在搞沒有群眾支持的偽術。

最後談談分析主義和學院主義這兩個顛覆性的藝術理論。這說起來兩個理論其實不算是藝術理論﹐而是藝術理論的理論。分析主義起源於維根斯坦(Wittgenstein)﹐維根斯坦本人對藝術沒有說什麼﹐是他的學生就把分析哲學應用在藝術上。傳統的藝術理論是在尋找一條把藝術與非藝術劃分的線。在分析哲學下﹐這條線根本並不存在。藝術只是一個標簽﹐用來貼在一堆互有關連但不一定重疊的東西上。如何歸類入藝術這個標簽的界線並不是固定﹐除著新事物的出現我們不定重劃這條界線﹐去決定什麼東西才能稱之為藝術。舉例子﹐若電影是藝術﹐那電玩遊戲是不是藝術呢﹖我們不論答是或否﹐我們都是在重劃藝術定義的界線。學院主義則把藝術與藝術理論是關係逆轉。傳統藝術理論是藝術的研究﹐藝術先於理論的存在。學院主義則反過來說藝術理論先行﹐藝術是藝術理論中從衍生出來。套用淺白的說話﹐就是一幅名畫的價值在於其畫框。沒有堂皇的藝術理論﹐沒有美輪美煥的美術館展覽廳﹐那不過只是一張塗上油彩的畫紙﹐並不能稱之為藝術。這兩個理論太過背經離道﹐完全推翻藝術價值﹐一般未必接受得了。再者把推翻藝術後﹐留下來的空白也要找東西去填補﹐可是這兩個理論沒有給我們什麼頭緒。

修讀藝術哲學不能幫助我搞清楚什麼是藝術﹐反而讓我妨如墮進五里迷霧中﹐令我對藝術的認知更加不明確。。在未讀藝術哲學之前﹐我可以很自然地認為自己相信那套理論就是正確的藝術觀念。可是現在懂得分辨各種藝術理論的不同﹐理解它們之間的矛盾和限制﹐卻發現沒有一個藝術理論可以覆蓋所有藝術領域﹐甚至開 始質疑藝術理論本身到底是什麼。不過我對藝術的認識倒加深了﹐雖有我還不知道藝術是什麼﹐但知道了更多藝術不是什麼。也許沒有明確的答案才是哲學問題的本質。

World Vision

I have many friends have joined the children sponsorship program of the World Vision to help poor children in third world countries. You just have to donate $35 a month, World Vision will pool together donation from many donors to provide food, shelter and education to the poor children. In return, you will get a photo of the child you are sponsoring and once a while the child will write thank you letters to you. Indisputably, donation to World Vision is charitable act that will gives you a good feeling and makes you think that you are a good person. World Vision’s intention is good, it make difference to the life of those children they help, but I always question is it the best way to solve the world’s poverty problem. The poor children grow up, give birth to more children that they can support, leave them in the hand of World Vision, and turn into a vicious circle.

The poor children the World Vision helping are extra population in the earth that we don’t want and we don’t need. They should not be born in the first place. If the parents cannot raise the children, then they have no right to bring them to this world. We already have too many people in the third world countries and the number is raising. If we want to fix the problem, we have to fix the root cause, not just treating the symptoms. Instead of running World Vision like charity, we should support charity that carry out birth control in third world countries. The goal is to minimize the number of children suffering in poor countries. It would be much more cost effective to prevent those suffering children come to this world in the first place.

Just imagine if we spend that $35 on birth control up front, we can prevent how many potential suffering children draining World Vision’s resources. If World Vision can spend the same amount of donation on a smaller number of poor children, each of them can get better education and service. They can learn skills to earn a proper living to support their next generation and left the vicious circle. Just like treating diseases, finding the prevention is always better than finding the cure, stop the poor children coming is better than raising poor children. The only problem is that I haven’t come across a charity origination focus on birth control in third world countries yet.