基督教思想史第二部 – 第四章﹕普遍綜合的崩潰(上)

黑格爾(Hegel)大慨是神學史上﹐最後一個整合不同神學派別的人。自黑格爾之後﹐雖然有很多人嘗試整合神學﹐但始終走不出黑格爾的框框。

黑格爾學派的分裂
黑格爾相信聖經記載的歷史可靠性﹐但他同時認為就算記載不盡真實﹐也無損聖經中耶穌生平的像徵意義。可是神學家David Friedirch Strauss﹐指出聖經的作者其實另有其人﹐並認為耶穌的誕生和復活並非歷史﹐只用來表達耶穌與神本質的像徵故事。黑格爾的學生Ferfinand Christan Baur﹐運用黑格爾的正反合去申論聖經自身的歷史。正是彼得受傳統猶太教影響的基督信仰﹐反是保羅受希臘哲學影響的基督信仰﹐合出來則成了約翰寫給外邦人的福音。Baur指出聖經自身也是歷史的產品﹐教會中不同觀點的結合孕育出聖經﹐從此改變我們與聖經的關係。黑格爾認為人有關神的認知是從神而來﹐Ludwig Feurebach則從人類學的角度﹐反過來說神是人類創造出來﹐投射人類自身無限可能性。

Schelling對黑格爾的批判
Friedrich Schelling是一個跨幾個世代的哲學家﹐他整合了Kant和Spinoza的哲學﹐為黑格爾哲學奠定基礎。可是他隨的思想時代變化成浪漫主義﹐其後更再轉化為存在主義﹐成為黑爾格的最大批判者。他是一個身份主義者﹐認為身份是主觀和客觀﹐物質和精神連的聯繫。精神存在於物質之中﹐而世界萬物也可以成就人。他認為世界不為人創造出來﹐讓人可以成聖﹐世界本身也有其神性。既然萬物也有神性﹐人當然也有神性。他把被啟蒙年代的道德主義淹蓋的恩寵重新發掘出來。耶穌的教導不只是道德和律法﹐還有可以感受人內在的那一份神性。他認為人可以透過藝術去認識神﹐聖神通過藝術來到人當中。他認為永生不是時空上的永遠存在﹐而是本質上參與神的永恆。他認為自由就是選擇的可能性﹐人選擇背棄原本的神性﹐於是人的墮落是一個無時無刻的狀況﹐而非一次遠古發生的事件。

宗教奮興派及其神學後果
十九世紀開始的復興運動﹐是針對啟蒙知識在終極關懷留下的空洞﹐主張以虔誠的精神來填滿。宗教改革時代的第一波敬虔運動﹐強調要向世界各國傳教﹐讓世人也能得到救贖。十九世紀的第二波敬虔運動﹐除了出口外還有內銷﹐要把福音傳給國內不信的人。他們認為幫助社會上不幸的人是教徒的責任﹐可是他們的責任只於對不幸的人的善行﹐並沒有改革社會制度的想法。復興運動主張回到傳統古典正統神學上﹐並沒有發展神的神學。他們不接受聖經的歷史批判﹐完全照字面意思去理解聖經。當然復興神學不能長久﹐因為歷史只能向前而不能向後。另一個對綜合神學的挑戰來自科學﹐牛頓的物理定律世界觀﹐把神除在自然之外﹐不能干預世界的運行。神創造了自然規律﹐但行神蹟則破壞自然規律﹐帶出神要破壞自己的創造才能救贖人的矛盾。進化論更是對宗教一大打擊。在科學的進迫面前﹐宗教只能節節敗退。只有在科學不能解釋的領域﹐宗教才能用神來填補空洞。田立克認為科學與宗教不是對立﹐根本是兩個不同次元的東西。宗教不應干預科學理論的發展﹐而應該集中在科學永不能觸及的宗教符號領域。用科學去背書神學更是一個大錯誤﹐因為科學發展會改變我們對事物的理解。若果神學是借用科學的基礎上﹐那科學改變了在上面的神學便會倒塔下來。田立克認為不論人做什麼事﹐也是見證神的創造。所以新的科學發現並不是與神對抗﹐而是讓人借著科學去見證神。

Obama is in, what’s next?

Today I watched Obama’s inaugural on the news. Washington is very crowded. According to the news, there are two million people witness the ceremony. It is a historical moment to the Americans. Many people compare Obama to John F. Kennedy. When JFK was elected US president in 1961, he is the Catholic president. In 2008, Obama becomes the first black president. Both of them breaks White Ango-Saxon Protestant male’s monopoly claim to the presidency. We already got a Catholic, a black, what’s next? It is just a matter of time before will be a female president. Hilary Clinton almost become the first female president if she didn’t lose to Obama. After a female president, the next one on the line is probably a gay president. There are gay governor already. It may take sometime before the American consider voting for a gay president. By that time, probably computer is so advance that we have AI smarter than people. If the American willing to vote for a gay, they must as well vote for a robot. Having a robot president is more defining historical moment than having a black president. On a second thought, why don’t we call the robot president Skynet.

Box Kleenex is gone, what’s next?

In a recession market, it is understandable for a company trying its best to cut its budget in order to stay afloat. However, cutting the supply of box Kleenex to the employees is way too cheap. Not only the box Kleenex won’t save the company much money, it also send the wrong signal to the employee. There is a fine line between financial conservative and simply stingy, cutting the box Kleenex definitely had crossed the line.

Now box Kleenex is gone, what’s next? I am pretty sure the company is seriously considering cutting the toilet paper. Maybe that’s why they send us to India, prepare us for a paperless toilet. Instead of having toilet paper in the toilet, they will put a small bucket in each stall like in the Indian office. After you done your business, you can fill up the bucket with water and then use it to clean your bottom. Then maybe they will cut the utensils in cafeteria. Why waste money on plastic forks or money to wash the metal forks. We can eat with our hands too! The only thing that you have to remember is the left hand is the toilet hand, the right hand is the eating hand. Don’t mix up!

Romanization of Chinese

Romanization is a way of writing non-English languages using English characters. There are many ways to romanize Chinese. It is very confusing, since there different spelling of a Chinese term in English. People grew up in China use Pinyin, which is the standard romanization based on Mandarin. Older translation uses the Wade-Giles system, which is popular in most of 20th century and still used in Taiwan. The major problem of the Wade-Giles system is that it is not very accurate. In some cases, it cannot distinguish similar pronunciation and create confusion. On the other hand, we can tolerate the lack of accuracy. I found the Wade-Giles system is easier for English speaker to pronounce and remember the terms. Maybe Wade-Giles is designed by Englishman, the spelling looks more like a normal English words. Pinyin is more accurate in phonetics, but the j, q, x, z looks odd in spelling.

Hong Kong has its own system of romanization, or should I say lack of a system of romanization. The HK government has a table of commonly use Chinese characters, but there is no coherent rules in the table. Some characters, such as tree, has two different correct spelling in the table. Most people in HK don’t know how to romanization Cantonese. If we have to romanize any characters, we simply do it in an ad hoc way. On a second thoughts, HK is a bilingual city, most people know Chinese as well as English. There is no need to romanize Chinese, we can simply use English instead. Maybe romanization is only helpful to foreigners who wants to learn Chinese.

The Long Tail – Chris Anderson

The Long Tail Wired雜誌的老總Chris Anderson﹐在2004年寫了一篇文章﹐探討因互聯網而興起的新經濟模式﹐並把他的發現稱為長尾理論。在傳統的零售市場中﹐大部份交貿集中在熱門商品上。長尾理論則指出﹐冷門商品雖有交貿不多﹐但是不論幾冷門的東西也有人賣。正所謂山大砍埋有柴﹐冷門商品的種類繁多﹐雖然每種只能賣出少許﹐但若果把它們的收入加起來﹐卻會成為是一個很可觀的數目。事隔兩年作者把他那篇文章發揚光大﹐加入更多內容出版結集成書。不過可惜此書甚為長氣﹐大部份時間只是不斷重彈老調。

作者用了超過一半的篇幅﹐不繼提出長尾的例子﹐妨忽死怕讀者不相信真的有長尾。也許在互聯網興起前﹐很難預期長尾經濟模式的出現﹐但對於互聯網長大的新一代﹐網絡長尾的特性差不多已成為常識。作者從Sears的郵購目錄開始﹐一路講到Amazon﹐ eBay﹐ iTune﹐將長尾的歷史娓娓道來。其實每次也是重覆同樣的經驗﹐當貨品種類大幅增多客源上升﹐便會發生經濟規模的威力﹐原本蝕錢冷門商品也可以帶來利潤。在傳統的經濟模式下﹐商店能夠提供的貨品種類﹐受到商品陳列物理條件的限制﹐冷門商品沒有足夠客源去維持。到了互聯網時代﹐增多一件冷門商品的成本接近零﹐同時又打破了地域限制﹐把客源拓展至全世界﹐於是以前蝕本的冷門商品也能維本。加起來的數目實在很大﹐可以比媲熱門商品的營業額。而冷門商品的競爭相對較少﹐甚至比競爭激烈熱門商品有更可觀的利潤。

長尾的出現為消費者提供接近無限的選擇﹐而然太多選擇會讓人花多眼亂。甚至有學說指選擇太多反而不好﹐會令人感到沮衰和不快樂。作者很老實地承認長尾雖長﹐但有當中很多大部份是垃圾﹐至少對不感興趣的人也與垃圾無異。於是如何幫助消費者從長尾中尋寶﹐是新經濟模式能否成力的關鍵。互聯網科技的發展﹐正好提供消費者在長尾中找到心頭好的指引。強大的搜索引擎﹐同好者的網上聊天室﹐網絡上各式的排行榜和評論﹐網絡商店從顧客的歷史中﹐找出相似品味作推介﹐均是替消費者過濾長尾的好幫手。作者亦引用心理學研究﹐發現原來選擇多會讓人感到更開心﹐只要其選擇受到別人的肯定和認同﹐而又能很有系統地找出想要的東西。

有些人擔心長尾現像會令社會分化﹐人與人之間再沒有共同的話題和文化。作者指出熱門現像並不是常態﹐只是二十世紀後半葉﹐廣播和娛樂工業興起後才出現。每個人的品味本來就很多樣化﹐大部份人只在膚淺的層次有共通之處﹐深入的趣興因人而異﹐越深入更是越趨少眾化。只是因為受經濟和物理因素所限﹐大部人不得爾才接受大眾平庸化的熱門商品。熱門商品是從上而下的推廣﹐業界專才賞試預測大眾口味﹐希望可以打造出能吸引最多人的商品。長尾商品則是橫向推廣﹐本來名不經傳的冷門﹐可以在網絡社群中﹐以人傳人的方式建立口碑﹐在小眾市場站穩陣腳後﹐更可以衡出長尾反攻主流成為熱門。

我想這本書的主要讀者群﹐應該是那些還未懂新經濟的傳統人。長尾理論聽起來疑似很高深的學問﹐說通了不過是經過學術包裝的網絡常識。這本書寫於零五年﹐才不過短短三年時間﹐書中的例子已顯得十分過時。當年還未有Youtube和Facebook的出現﹐書中不斷用Google Video和Myspace作例子﹐聽起來好像是說史前恐龍的故事。今年作者推出新修版﹐更長尾巴的長尾理論。我上Amazon打書釘﹐看了新增的那一章﹐講述車廠如何用Web 2.0去推廣新車。汽車廣告與長尾理論風馬牛不相及﹐夾硬把兩者拉上關係好像有點牽強。可惜作者再一次失手選錯例子﹐他拿來當例子的車廠可是現今瀕臨破產的GM。噢~ 或許他是故意用這例子也說不定﹐GM汽車沒有人會買﹐當然是長尾的冷門貨了。