基督教思想史第一部-第二章﹕新柏拉圖主義

要認識基督教神學的發展﹐就不能不認識新柏拉圖主義。新柏拉圖主義結合古希臘哲學的流派﹐發展出一個新的普世性的哲學宗教﹐在羅馬皇帝的支持下﹐作為帝國回應基督教帶來的挑戰。亞歷山大神學家Clement與Origen﹐借用新柏拉圖主義的慨念﹐重新演譯基督教的信仰﹐並以此為基礎建立基督教的傳統神學系統﹐特別是有關神屬性的教義﹐世界與人類靈魂的本質。

在Plotinus的新柏拉圖主義中﹐神是超越所有時間存在的The One。從這個神中散發出真善美永恆不變的nous﹐成為世界物質和精神力的根源。最後就是生命之源的靈魂﹐作為驅動宇宙星辰﹐動植物和人類的變化力量。世界是有規律整然有序﹐精神﹐靈魂和物質互有其相對位置。Logos則是nous的理性層面﹐為世界運行的法則。新柏拉圖主義在邪惡的這觀與基督教相同﹐都是認為邪惡不是實在﹐只是善的虧欠。靈魂追求的最高境界﹐就是不繼提升自己模彷神﹐直到達成與神結合的目標。不過人不能夠憑自己的善行﹐從下而上變為神﹐必然依靠神的恩典﹐從上而下的開竅提拔。

Clement與Origen是同門師兄弟﹐Origen更與Plotinus是同學。他們兩人是哲學家也是基督徒﹐既然希臘哲學與基督教同是對完全的追求﹐他們亳不懷疑兩者可以融會貫通。Clement認為通過教會愛與信仰的實踐﹐就是跟隨Logos規律的道路﹐從而可以領悟gnostic的神秘智慧。Clement的神學借用新柏拉圖的言語和系統﹐讓基督教神學升格為可登大雅之堂的學術。

Origen從他從探索神學之本問題的角度﹐去構建他的神學理論﹐。他認為神學家必須要接受聖經的訊息﹐亦必需要屬於教會之內。他發展出解讀經文的三個層面。第一層是文本意義﹐既依說書直說字面照讀。第二層是道德意義﹐如何把經文應用在生活中。最深入一層是精神意義﹐只能通過意會領受﹐才能知文本背後隱藏的神秘意義。他認為有兩個階級的基督徒。想思簡單的低級基督徒不懂思考﹐只會盲目接受教會的權威。這些人喜歡聽耶穌行神蹟的故事多過山中聖訓的故事。高級基督徒擁有智慧的恩賜﹐信仰是接受教義的權威﹐但還經過要獨立理性思考﹐才認同聖經的教導。

Origen的教義亦嘗試解答聖父﹐聖子﹐聖靈﹐組成神的屬性的問題。他的理論與傳統基督教三位一體的教義有些出入﹐可以視為三一神學的初型。他認為聖子與聖父同樣是永恆﹐但其存在是依賴聖父。聖子的權柄比聖父少﹐聖靈的權柄又比聖子少。他認為罪惡是源於精神的自由墮落﹐ 靈魂是精神與肉體的連接媒介﹐人類來到世界是懲罰也是淨化的過程。

Origen有關耶穌來到世上的理論最艱深難明。他嘗試解釋耶穌道成肉身的慨念﹐申述耶穌肉體與Logos的關係。不過這裏我看不明白﹐只好略過不寫。耶穌受難釘在十字架上﹐為人類犧牲﹐但犧牲給誰呢﹖Origen認為耶穌是把自己當成贖金付給撒旦﹐以換取人類的自由。

Origen的末世理論被傳統基督教認為異端﹐他認為耶穌的第二次再來是精神的再來﹐ 不是跨張的肉體出現﹐而是不斷地進入每個人的心靈裏。他支持普救論﹐認為地獄有如天主教的煉獄﹐最終可以洗淨所有人的靈魂﹐回到神的懷裏不再需要肉體。不過由於在末世後自由沒有被否﹐精神是有可能再次墮落﹐成個救贖工程要重頭來過。田立克認為Origen末世理論不被教會接納有兩個主要原因。一是因為受猶太教肉體復活的 傳統影響﹐精神肉體二元論始終是希臘的思想﹐。二是因為教徒的復仇心理作崇﹐認為那些不信主的人﹐在地上生活過得比他們好﹐死後就應該下地獄受永火之刑。

讀完新柏拉圖主義這個章節﹐我頗為認同Origen的神學觀﹐特別是他批評低級教徒的迷信﹐以及持普救觀點的末世理論。從他對信仰的定義來看﹐現代基督教的信仰是變了質的信仰。信仰是接受教義思考神的話語﹐而不是接受救贖恩典拿著數上天堂。

Double foosball

Today we have invented a new game, double foosball.  The only difference between the new game and traditional foosball is using two balls instead of one.  As we became better and better player, we found normal foosball is getting boring.  We have developed fairly good defense skill, so it is much harder to score a goal.  We have fairly good shooting and ball control skill, so the action always concentrate on one end of the table, the two people on the other end have nothing to do.  Using two balls make the game much more exciting.  Balls are flying all over in the table, and you can’t slow down the pace down by holding the ball.  The appearance of the other balls force you to stay in motion all the time.  Somehow I have special talent in this game and enjoy some advantage over my friends.  I have powerful shots from both hands and more or less I can control my two hands independently.  It is really cool to shot two balls from two bars at the same time.  In addtion, double foosball makes very good training exercise for normal foosball.  The extra ball enhances my reaction time and allows me to further develop separate hand control.

跟蹤

Eye in the Sky 期望越大失望越大﹐這是我看罷 「跟蹤」的第一個感想。在這套電影暑假頭上畫時﹐不論是報章上的專業影評﹐還是網絡中的博客﹐均對這套杜琪峰出品讚不絕口。受到眾多輿論的影響下﹐我熱切期待著DVD推出。在網絡看見立即下載回來﹐插隊硬碟中下載很久但沒有時間看的十幾套電影﹐第一時間播出來欣賞。以戲論戲「跟蹤」只屬中上水準﹐可能近年港產片太過不堪入目﹐餓戲已久的觀眾久旱逢甘露﹐才一面倒的鼓掌叫好。

「跟蹤」是圍繞著俗稱狗仔隊﹐即警察情科跟蹤隊﹐與一班械劫銀行重匪鬥智的故事。徐子珊飾演新隊員豬女﹐在隊長狗頭任達華帶領下﹐與狗仔隊的一班手足﹐監視跟蹤梁家輝為首的金行劫案疑犯。導演游乃海是杜琪峰的御用編劇﹐這次處男下海首次執導。他處理戲中那幾場跟蹤場面的手法很純熟﹐雖然沒有什麼刺激的動作場面﹐只是憑狗仔隊員的一靜一動﹐便凝造讓觀眾屏息靜氣的緊張氣氛。槍戰在杜琪峰電影的招牌菜﹐不過在這電影中只是過場性質﹐與匪徒駁火的警察只沒有名字的咖喱菲﹐砰砰隆隆的亂轟一通。首三分之二故事很出色﹐觀眾伴陪豬女經歷驚險懸疑的跟蹤過程﹐和面對同僚受襲的生死決擇。可是受制於劇本的先天性不足﹐最後一定要把壞人繩之於法的限制﹐狗仔隊又不可以親手拉人﹐結尾只好加速推進草草收場。找到賊竇的經過太過巧合﹐實在有太多不合理之處﹐很難自圓其說讓觀眾心服口服。綁架犯與銀行劫匪是鄰居已經很牽強﹐在交贖金處重遇梁家輝拜師父機會還細過中六合彩。豬女發現擊警兇徒的行蹤﹐又不立即通知上級增緩﹐反而以身犯險走入餐廳﹐簡直是蠢到無可救藥。梁家輝喝奶茶的幾分鐘時間﹐已足夠讓警察把成條街封銷包圍﹐那他就插翼難飛只好束手就擒。

現實中的警察狗仔隊 ﹐大慨比電影中的先進幾倍。電影裏的跟蹤方法很原始﹐多數只是扮鬼扮馬做吊靴鬼。「無間道」傻強也懂說﹐那做時不專心﹐又看著你的話﹐那個人就一定是警察。那些扮路人甲乙丙的狗仔隊這麼明顯﹐有些少警覺性的賊看一眼就可以識穿身份。還以為狗仔隊不會有占士邦式的高科技﹐也至少要有GPS自動追蹤器吧。原來跟蹤工具是平常人也買到的電子產品﹐劇中用得最多的是手提電話。不知道香港的流動電話網絡是否比外國的先進﹐在外國以手提電話訊號去作三角定位﹐還是實驗研究階段的技術﹐香港的解像度卻已以分辨疑犯身在那條街。還未計這技術涉及私隱問題﹐法律上的灰色地帶必須先要立法澄清。

若想看港產片的話﹐「跟蹤」可以不妨考慮﹐但不要期望太高﹐網上評價譽過其實。畢竟杜琪峰只是這套電影的監製﹐始終與杜琪峰導演的其他電影相差一個級數。

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Firework

Every year around the summer season, Vancouver has its annual firework competition. Teams from 3 countries put together 4 spectacular shows within two weeks. I am not a big fan of firework and didn’t watch firework for the past few years. The firework show is always the prefect excuse to organize a social gathering to keep in touch with your friends.

We meet at Kitsilano Beach after work. Some of our friends already went there early and save us a good spot. The beach is not very crowd when we arrived at 8:00p.m. People were still enjoying the last bit of sunlight before sunset. Our spot is quite nice, close to the restaurant and real washroom, not those stinky portable ones. There were two people playing Jazz with guitar and saxophone just a few meters away. We enjoy the music, chit chat with each other, play card games to kill the time during the wait for the firework show. The firework starts at 10:00p.m., some friends are so smart that they brought along portal radio. So we can listen to the theme music of the firework. The firework is pretty good, but not really exceptional. Tonight’s show is preformed by the Chinese team. I heard earlier in the radio that there will be a special firework in the Olympic five rings pattern. I was eagerly looking forward to the rings in the sky, but I was disappointed. All I saw was some random rings. Maybe the wind disturbed the pattern or maybe we were just sitting in the wrong viewing angle.

The show ends at 10:30p.m., everyone leaving at the same time makes the traffic totally packed. It took us almost an hour and half to get home. I wish I can post some pictures with this blog entry, but I left the camera with Pat. Maybe I will upload the pictures later when I copy the files form Pat.  The final show is on this Saturday, it is the last chance for those who want to enjoy some fireworks this summer.